• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.35-57
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• 2015

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to analyze literature on oriental medicine to investigate the pathology, acupuncture, and moxibustion therapy applicable to alopecia Methods : We searched for the causes of alopecia in the bibliographic data from 41 sources of literature and the acupunctural treatments for alopecia in the bibliographic data from 49 sources of Chinese and Korean literature and from the journals of the acupunctural treatments for alopecia which have been published since 2000. Results : 1. The main causes of alopecia are blood deficiency, blood heat, static blood, depletion of kidney's water, wind excess, seven emotional damage, dietary damage, etc. 2. The acupuncture points frequently used are $GV_{20}$, $GB_{20}$, $ST_{36}$, $SP_6$, $SP_{10}$, $BL_{17}$, $BL_{18}$, $BL_{23}$, $GV_{23}$, $GV_{14}$, $CV_6$, $ST_8$, $KI_3$, $LR_3$, $HT_7$, $LI_{11}$, EX-$HN_1$, and ouch point. 3. New acupuncture therapies, including herbal acupuncture therapy, ear acupuncture therapy, dermal needle therapy, needle-embedding therapy and scalp acupuncture therapy are frequently used to treat alopecia. Conclusions : The acupuncture points frequently used for treating alopecia have characteristics such as tonifying blood, tonifying the liver and kidney, extinguishing wind, activating blood, clearing heat and draining dampness, so they are highly associated with the causes and the mechanisms of alopecia.

• International Journal of Concrete Structures and Materials
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 2009

Over about 30% of problems in construction is related to water-leaking, and the loss from this problem can incur as much as three times the cost of initial construction. Thus, water vapor pressure is known to be the primary cause of defective waterproofing. Accordingly, the theories on the relationship between water pressure and temperature as well as damp-proofing volume of concrete and the change in vapor pressure volume were reviewed and analyzed in this study by making test samples after spraying a dampness remover and applying waterproofing materials to the prepared test specimens. The result of measuring water vapor pressure with the surface temperature of the waterproofing (fluid-applied membrane) layer at the experimental temperature setting of about $10^{\circ}C$, which is the annual average temperature of Seoul, indicated that (1) the temperature of the fluid-applied membrane elevated to about $40^{\circ}C$, and the water vapor pressure generated from the fluid-applied membrane was about 0.03 N/mm 2 when the surface temperature of the waterproofing layer was raised to about $80^{\circ}C$. (2) when the temperature of the fluid-applied membrane of the waterproofing layer was raised from $30^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$, water vapor pressure of about 0.01 N/mm 2 was generated, and (3) when a thermal source was applied to the fluid-applied membrane (waterproofing) layer, the temperature increased from $35^{\circ}C$ to $40^{\circ}C$, and approximately $0.005\;N/mm^2$ of water vapor pressure was generated.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.99-109
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• 2004

In residential spaces, sanitary zones are where the most basic needs of human beings are met and are used by all members of the family. A high level of privacy is therefore required in their use. This research studies the current state of sanitary zones in collective houses and in detached houses from a comparative perspective first, and then analyses the satisfaction and dissatisfaction requirement levels of dwellers of each house in comparison so as to provide data to formulate a new design for sanitary zones that is suitable for each dwelling house. The results of this research are as follows. (1) The questionnaire respondents were mostly in their 30s and 40s (99.1% in total), and lived in a nuclear family system (87.7%). (2) The number of sanitary zones was found to be more than 2 in 62% of collective houses and in 60.7% of detached houses, which leads us to conclude that non-dwelling spaces are increasing in both types of houses. (3) Of the housing facilities,13% of collective houses and 9% of detached houses were equipped with a bidet. Both percentages are very low but it needs to be noted that the percentage is relatively high in collective houses. In safety facilities, the ratio of houses furnished with safety handlers for the aged was very low in both types of houses. (4) The residents of collective houses showed high levels of dissatisfaction with regard to the problems of storage space and steam production, while residents of detached houses expressed high levels of dissatisfaction with regard to the heating system, colors of finishing materials, size, dampness, steam production, and storage space.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.147-150
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• 2006

Of the total defects that have occurred recently in the Korean construction market, over 30% are caused by the construction of defective waterproofing, and the phenomenon of air pockets in the waterproofing layer, which is caused by the concrete vapor pressure, is known to be the primary cause of defective waterproofing. Accordingly, in this study the theory about the relationship between water pressure and temperature as well as the damp-proofing volume of concrete and, then, the change of vapor pressure volume was measured and analyzed by making a test sample after spraying a dampness remover and a waterproofing material to a prepared test body. As a result of measuring the water vapor pressure for the surface temperature of the waterproofing layer with the fluid-applied membrane temperature based on about $10^{\circ}C$, which is the average temperature of Seoul, it was found that first, the fluid-applied membrane elevated up to about $40^{\circ}C$, and the water vapor pressure generated from the fluid-applied membrane was about $0.3kgf/cm^2$ when the surface temperature of the waterproofing layer was raised up to about $80^{\circ}C$. Second, when the fluid-applied membrane temperature of the waterproofing layer was raised from $30^{\circ}C\;to\;35^{\circ}C,\;about\;0.1kgf/cm^2$ of water vapor pressure was generated, and when supplying a thermal source to raise the fluid-applied membrane temperature of the waterproofing layer from $35^{\circ}C\;to\;40^{\circ}C$, approximately $0.05kgf/cm^2$ of water vapor pressure was generated.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.251-268
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• 2001

We arrived at the following conclusion after we have studied crohn's disease through the literatures of western and oriental medicine. 1. Crohn's disease has a characteristic of granulomatous necrosis and cicatricial inflammation which is called by segmental enteritis, granulomatous enteritis. This falls under the category of "Diarrhea", "Dysentery" and is similar to "small intestinal diarrhea", "acute temesmus", "splenic diarrhea" in oriental medicine. 2. In western medicine, the cause of crohn's disease indefinites, but it is presumed immunological unbalance of alimentary canal. In oriental medicine, it is summarized as the abnormal ascending and descending circulation of stomach and splenic energies, the hepatic stagnation, being the lower part of cleaning qi by exogenous disease, dyspeptic convulsion. 3. The presenting symptoms of crohn's disease are intermittent chronic diarrhea, fever, weight loss, abdominal spastic pain or abdominal discomfort. When anyone has a abdominal mass, a rectal abcess, and a rectal constriction by physical examination, we can doubt crohn's disease. 4. The methods of western medical treatment are a suppression of intestinal toxic contents and inflammatory mediator, a supply of nutritive substanceus to intestinal epithelial cell. Oriental medical treatments of these are "inducing diuresis", "warming kidney to reinforce yang", "nourishing qi to invigorate spleen", "eliminatin dampness by cooling" according to syndrome differentiations. As mentioned above, we can confirm possibility of oriental medical treatment that induces recovery of immunologic control function and we need advanced experiment, study, and clinical approach.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.120-132
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• 2009

Objective : Yukmijihwang-tang is one of the important medicines for blood- deficiency and yin-deficiency. Atopic dermatitis usually shows dampness-heat pattern in its acute stage and blood-deficiency or yin-deficiency pattern in its chronic stage. Therefore, I hypothesized that Yukmijihwang-tang is effective on atopic dermatitis and investigated the effects of Yukmijihwang-tang on NC/Nga mice's atopic dermatitis induced by DNCB. Methods : The NC/Nga mice with atopic dermatitis were divided into four groups: three experimental groups and one control group. The experimental groups were respectively put on 2.5g(YM-2.5), 5g(YM-5) and 10g(YM-10) of Yukmijihwang-tang extract per their weight once a day for 10 days while the control group was fed normal saline. After 10 days, I measured TEWL(transepidermal water loss), observed scratching behaviors, conducted a skin biopsy and checked levels of Total IgE, IL-4 and $IFN-\gamma$ on NC/Nga mice. Results : 1. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly suppressed skin dryness. In particular, YM-5 and YM-10 had better skin hydration than YM-2.5. 2. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly suppressed pruritus while there was no significant difference among the experimental groups. 3. Yukmijihwang-tang retained skin structure(epidermis, dermis and subcutaneous fat). 4. Yukmijihwang-tang reduced Total IgE level while there was no significant difference between the control group and the experimental groups. 5. Yukmijihwang-tang did not reduce IL-4(Th2 cytokine) level. 6. Yukmijihwang-tang significantly reduced $IFN-\gamma$(Th1 cytokine) level. In particular, YM-2.5 and YM-5 had lower $IFN-\gamma$ level than YM-10. Conclusion : The results suggest that Yukmijihwang-tang suppresses skin dryness and pruritus, retains skin structure and is effective on chronic atopic dermatitis which is associated with Th1 cytokines in the immune response.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.208-217
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• 2014

Objectives and Methods : This study is to understand the properties and functions of twelve meridians. It aims to understand the meaning of the meridian names, and to study the properties of the six qi and the method of movement of the meridians by analyzing the six qi of the three yin and three yang from a meteorological perspective. The functions of twelve meridians based on the relationship between the operation of the internal organs and the meridians are then examined. Results and Conclusions : (1) The three yin and three yang includes the properties of six qi at the meridians. (2) The fundamental qi at reverting yin meridian lesser yin meridian and greater yin meridian has the properties of wind, heat and dampness, respectively, which are yang qi, while the fundamental qi at lesser yang meridian, yang brightness meridian and greater yang meridian has the properties of ministerial fire, dryness and cold, respectively, which are yin qi. (3) In the circulation of meridian qi, yang qi ascends at yin meridians while yin qi descends at yang meridians. (4) Three yin meridians belonging to the viscera help the function of intestines, which saves essence qi and then makes it go upward, while three yang meridians belonging to the bowels help the function of converting foodstuff and making it go downward. (5) In the human body, the internal organs play the primary role, and the meridians serve as helpers of the functioning of the internal organs by controlling the six qi.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.1226-1233
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• 2009

Common cold occurs frequently and occupies an important position in medical treatment however obvious treatment is not suggested. There has been no agreement of pattern identification for common cold in oriental medicine. The purpose of this study is to develop a standard instrument of pattern identification for common cold which will be applied to clinical research. The items and structure of the instrument were based on review of published literature. The advisor committee on this study was organized by 9 oriental respiratory internal medicine professors of 11 oriental medical colleges nationwide. The experts attended 3 consultation meetings and discussed developing the instrument, and we also took professional advices by e-mail. The results were as follows; First, we divided the pattern identification of common cold into nine pattern: Wind-cold type, Wind-heat type, Contain summerheat type, Contain dampness type, Qi deficiency type, Blood deficiency type, Yang deficiency type, Yin deficiency type, Influenza. Second, we got the mean weights to each symptom of nine pattern identification which had been scored on a 5-point scale - ranging from 0 to 4 by the 9 experts. Third, we made out the Korean instrument of the pattern identification for common cold. It was composed self reporting questionnaire and researcher reporting questionnaire. Though this study is not proved about validity, reliability, the instrument of pattern identification for common cold is meaningful and expected to be applied to the subsequent research. And also, we hope to improve the instrument and make up for this study through various research and discussion.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.43-51
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study is to present the standard for practical application of ginger herbal pharmacopuncture Material and Methods : We refer to ancient literatures and the recent papers for ginger. Conclusions : The following results have been obtained 1. The effect of ginger(Zingiber officinale Roscoe) is to "release exterior", "balance nutrient & defensive qi", "resolve phlegm", "arrest coughing", "warm the lungs". So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating fever, chilling sign, headchae, snuffle and gasping cough due to cold affection and treating the symptoms like sputum and asthma that be revealed by pulmonary disease. 2. The effect of ginger is to "warm spleen and stomach", "arrest vomiting" "promote normal flow of water". So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension and diarrhea due to phlegm & dampness and treating edema. 3. The effect of ginger is to eliminate blood stasis. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating contusion, blood stasis, sprain and gynecologic disease. 4. Ginger can treat myalgia and pain due to wind-damp and have anti-inflammatory effect in pharmacology. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating disease of joint, ligament and muscle. 5. Ginger can resolve phlegm and resuscitate. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating unconsciousness. But, treating incipient cardiovascular accident, it needs to call your special attention to the danger of blood pressure increase. 6. In pharmacology, ginger is effective for antitumor, antioxidant effects and activating immunocyte. So ginger herbal pharmacopuncture can be applied to treating broadly varieties of tumor and allergic disease.

• Journal of Korean Medical Ki-Gong Academy
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.116-136
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• 2016

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to report a 67-year-old male patient with Herpes zoster(caseI) and a 38-year-old female patient with Herpes zoster(caseII), whose symptoms were relieved after Korean medicine treatment alone. Methods : Both patients took Yeonryeonggobondan and Pyungwee-san daily. Everytime they came to the hospital, they received acupuncture treatment, Hwidam's Su-Gi therapy and External Gigong Therapy. Acupuncture was applied by gall bladder seunggyeok(膽勝格, GB-), spleen jeonggyeok(脾正格, SP+), large intestine seunggyeok(大腸勝格, LI-) of Saam's Acupuncture Method. Hwidam's Su-Gi therapy was applied on neck. External Gigong Therapy was applied on skin lesion area. the patients' symptoms were evaluated with photographs and VAS. Results : The results were as follows: 1. In the case of a 67-year-old male patient, it took 14 days to recover the skin lesions and to reduce the pain after treatment started. And he visited 13 times during that period. 2. In the case of a 38-year-old female patient, it took 23 days to recover the skin lesions to reduce and the pain after treatment started. And she visited 10 times during that period. 3. Intensive treatment early in treating herpes zoster helped to shorten the treatment period. 4. Taking Yeonryeonggobondan and Pyungwee-san and receiving acupuncture treatment(SP+) can help to improve immunity and recover skin lesions in herpes zoster diagnosed with spleen deficiency with dampness encumbrance(脾虛濕困) and blood stasis due to qi stagnation (氣滯血瘀). 5. The combination of acupuncture treatment(GB-) and External Gigong Therapy was effective in controlling pain. 6. External Gigong Therapy is considered to be effective for the recovery of the skin as well as the pain of the herpes zoster. Conclusions : Korean medicine treatment alone has a great effect on the above two patients with herpes zoster. I hope the active research about Korean medicine treatment will be done not only for herpes zoster but also for various intractable pain diseases.