• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.67 no.1
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• pp.27-31
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• 2009

Background: The large caliber catheter used in the treatment of pneumothorax causes great damage to the chest wall and organs. The purpose of this study was to prove that the use of a smaller caliber catheter is effective in treating pneumothorax with decreasing admission period and that the recurrence rate of spontaneous pneumothorax is low. Methods: Patients who had been admitted for treatment of first time occurrence of pneumothorax between May, 2004 and December, 2008 were included in the study. The caliber of catheter used this study is 18 Guage (1.2mm). The efficacy of treatment, admission period and recurrence rate of treating pneumothorax with small caliber catheter were compared to the control group using a tube thoracostomy for treatment. Results: The admission period for primary spontaneous pneumothorax was 10.8$\pm$3.6 days for the group (n=68) using tube thoracostomy compared to 4.5$\pm$1.3 days for the group (n=31) using the small caliber catheter (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference in recurrence rate between the two groups. Conclusion: The use of a smaller caliber catheter for the treatment of pneumothorax reduces the admission period without a significant increase in recurrence rates.

• Journal of The Korean Dental Society of Anesthesiology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.157-165
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• 2014

Background: Incisional site of surgical operation become transient ischemic state and then occur reoxygenation due to vasodilatation by inflammatory reaction, the productive reactive oxygen species (ROS) give rise to many physiologic results. Apoptosis have major role on elimination of inflammatory cell and formation of granulation tissue in normal wound healing process. Remifentanil can prevent the inflammatory response and can suppress inducible nitric oxide synthase expression in a septic mouse model. After cardiopulmonary bypass for coronary artery surgery, remifentanil can also inhibit the release of biomarkers of myocardial damage. Here we investigated whether remifentanil pretreatment has cellular protective effect against hypoxia-reoxygenation in HaCaT human keratinocytes, if so, the role of apoptosis and autophagy on this phenomenon. Methods: The HaCaT human keratinocytes were exposed to various concentrations of remifentanil (0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5 and 1 ng/ml) for 2 h before hypoxia (RPC/HR group). These cells were cultured under 1% oxygen tension for 24h at $37^{\circ}C$. After hypoxia, to simulate reoxygenation and recovery, the cells were reoxygenated for 12 h at $37^{\circ}C$. 3-MA/RPC/HR group was treated 3-methyladenine (3-MA), autophagy inhibitor for 1h before remifentanil treatment. Cell viability was measured using a quantitative colorimetric assay with thiazolyl blue tetrazoliumbromide (MTT, amresco), showing the mitochondrial activity of living cells. To investigate whether the occurrence of autophagy and apoptosis, we used fluorescence microscopy and Western blot analysis. Results: The viability against hypoxia-reoxygenation injury in remifentanil preconditioning keratinocytes were increased, and these cells were showed stimulated expression of autophagy 3-MA suppressed the induction of autophagy effectively and the protective effects on apoptosis. Atg5, Beclin-1, LC3-II and p62 were elevated in RPC/HR group. But they were decreased when autophagy was suppressed by 3-MA. Conclusions: Remifentanil preconditioning showed the protective effect in human keratinocytes, and we concluded that autophagy may take the major role in the recovery of wound from hypoxia-reoxygenation injury. We suggest that further research is needed about the cell protective effects of autophagy.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2014

The ussur brown katydid, Paratlanticus ussuriensis (Orthoptera: Tettigoniidae), causes substantial damage in orchard areas in South Korea. Daily rhythm and mating behaviors were investigated in last instar nymphs, immature adults and mature adults of P. ussuriensis. The daily rhythm was repeated upon resting, moving, and feeding. The daily rhythm of the movement behavior similar in both last instar nymphs and immature adults. Last instar nymphs becoming active at 10:06 and ceasing activity at 21:12 in average. Immature adults becoming active at 11:30 and ceasing activity at 20:08 in average of totally 10 individuals. However, mature adults showed a different active time of 15:30. Generally, behavior was affected by the conditions of their environment, especially temperature. Mature adults activated later than nymphs and immature adults. Mature adults display mating behavior at a particular time of day (approximately 20:00). P. ussuriensis showed a mating behavioral sequence which was similar to related species in completely retaining the spermatophylax. Females took 270 min to 360 min to completely retain the spermatophylax. The daily rhythm of P. ussuriensis, indicating its occurrence and ecology, could be useful as basic data for managing field populations of P. ussuriensis.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.2
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• pp.216-222
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• 2016

In relation to the impact of cumulative rainfall on landslides in accordance with the cumulative number of days, for the more than 100 mm rainfall, the 3 days cumulative rainfall experienced 64.9% of the total points, which is 986 points out of the 1520 points. The 5 days cumulative rainfall period experienced 60% of the total landslides, which is 846 points out of 1520 points analyzed. The 3 days or 5 days cumulative rainfall thus had a greater effect on landslides than the other days. In addition, for the 101-200 mm rainfall, more landslides occurred in the 10 days cumulative number of days, for the 201-300 mm, more landslides occurred in the 14 days cumulative number of days, whereas the 18 days cumulative number of days had more landslides for the 301-400 mm rainfall. Thus, it is imperative to take into consideration cumulative rainfall and the cumulative number of days of rainfall in the establishment of forecasting and warning systems for landslides, to minimize the damage caused to life and property by landslides.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.503-508
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• 2009

Biological-control-based-integrated-pest-management of major pests occurring on sweet pepper in greenhouse during summer season was tried. As many as 2.1 Orius laevigatus per $m^2$ were released in two times on June 6 and 19, and the population of thrips was kept under control and accordingly the damage was negligible throughout the season. To control aphids, a total of 0.8 Aphidius colemani per $m^2$ were released in four times, 0.2 of them at a time, flonicamid on May 14 and July 18 and pymetrozine on June 14 and September 4 were sprayed on the spots of high aphid occurrence to reduce the release of the wasp, and the density of aphids was kept under control. Whitefly was controlled successfully by releasing a total of 343.4 Amblyseius swirski per $m^2$ in nine times, 38.1 of them at a time, from May 9 until November 12 and dinotefuran was sprayed on November 12 when the density of whitefly increased up to 200 per trap. Tetranichus kanzawai was controlled by both Phytoseiulus persimilis which was released a total of 44.4 per $m^2$ in five times 8.9 of them at a time from May 23 to September 10, and the A. swirski which was released for the control of whitefly.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.125-139
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• 2013

Distribution of malicious applications developed by attackers is increasing along with general normal applications due to the openness of the Android-based open market. Mechanism that allows more accurate ways to distinguish normal apps and malicious apps for common mobile devices should be developed in order to reduce the damage caused by the rampant malicious applications. This paper analysed the normal event pattern from the most highly used game apps in the Android open market to analyse the event pattern from normal apps and malicious apps of mobile devices that are based on the Android platform, and analysed the malicious event pattern from the malicious apps and the disguising malicious apps in the form of a game app among 1260 malware samples distributed by Android MalGenome Project. As described, experiment that extracts normal app and malicious app events was performed using Strace, the Linux-based system call extraction tool, targeting normal apps and malicious apps on Android-based mobile devices. Relevance analysis for each event set was performed on collected events that occurred when normal apps and malicious apps were running. This paper successfully extracted event similarity through this process of analyzing the event occurrence characteristics, pattern and distribution on each set of normal apps and malicious apps, and lastly suggested a mechanism that determines whether any given app is malicious.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.229-234
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• 2012

BACKGROUND: The fruit quality and flowering characteristics of Kiwifruit (A. deliciosa cv. Hayward) in the following year is known to be affected by the extent and timing of defoliation of the current year. In korea, the production of kiwi, which is a perennial, straggling deciduous warm-temperate fruit, is often restricted by wind damage due to typhoons resulting to defoliation at the middle season of its growing period. In this paper, we report the effect of the different timing of defoliation and severities at the current season to the kiwifruit quality. METHODS AND RESULTS: Twenty seven-year-old 'Hayward' trees grown under polyethylene film rain-shelter were defoliated in different days from August to September at seven day-intervals. In each day, 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% of leaves were removed from the trees. Fruits from each treatment were classified into four floating types (L: lying in bottom, S: standing on bottom, F: floating and SF: floating at the surface of water) by submerging them into tap water. Defoliation of kiwifruit trees in August and September caused air holes in locules of inner pericarp. Increased number of air hole in locules of a fruit was observed in floating types F and SF, and most of the air holes were located in stem end. The defoliation of trees in August significantly reduced the ratio of L-floating type fruits, which have the least number of locule air holes. The extent of defoliation also affected the distribution of the four types, the more leaves removed, the less L-floating type fruits harvested. The weight of fruits from trees defoliated in August was lower than that of fruits from September. Soluble solids content decreased as the number of locule air holes increased. Negative correlations were observed between the extent of defoliation and the weight and soluble solids content of fruits. CONCLUSION: Early defoliation effect on kiwifruit locule air hole occurrence and fruit quality were more severe in August than in September. And also if the defoliation severity is over 25%, severe fruit quality reduction expected to happen due to increase of fruit locule air hole in the inner pericarp.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.231-234
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• 2006

The influences of powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca fusca were assessed on cucumber to verify the economic injury level and yield response. Based on the relation of disease severity and yield response, economic threshold was determined by grading the disease severity of powdery mildew. Yield loss simulation due to damage of powdery mildew was conducted by defoliation of lower cucumber leaves in two seasons. The minimum number of leaves was 10 in spring season and 13 in autumn season which made no distinct difference on cucumber yield. The whole yields of cucumber was reduced as the disease severity was increased. Therefore occurrence of powdery mildew have a negative effect on cucumber yield. The regression equation between disease severity and yield loss showed Y=-57.237x+6143.1, $R^2=0.9628$. This equation suggests the disease severity of economic threshold is 17.6%, which is 3% reduction point of yield based on yield and economic relations. These results suggest that application of fungicide should be needed when 1 or 2 leaves of cucumber are infected by powdery mildew in the growing season.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.411-422
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• 2010

Self-sensing on micro-failure, dispersion degree and relating properties, of carbon nanotube(CNT)/epoxy composites, were investigated using wettability, electro-micromechanical technique with acoustic emission(AE). Specimens were prepared from neat epoxy as well as composites with untreated and acid-treated CNT. Degree of dispersion was evaluated comparatively by measuring volumetric electrical resistivity and its standard deviation. Apparent modulus containing the stress transfer was higher for acid-treated CNT composite than for the untreated case. Applied cyclic loading responded well for a single carbon fiber/CNT-epoxy composite by the change in contact resistivity. The interfacial shear strength between a single carbon fiber and CNT-epoxy, determined in a fiber pullout test, was lower than that between a single carbon fiber and neat epoxy. Regarding on micro-damage sensing using electrical resistivity measurement with AE, the stepwise increment in electrical resistivity was observed for a single carbon fiber/CNT -epoxy composite. On the other hand, electrical resistivity increased infinitely right after the first carbon fiber breaks for a single carbon fiber/neat epoxy composite. The occurrence of AE events of added CNT composites was much higher than the neat epoxy case, due to micro failure at the interfaces by added CNTs.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.235-244
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• 2007

By comparing the proteins from the workers exposed to styrene with the ones from controls, it may be possible to identify proteins that play a role in the occurrence and progress of occupational disease and thus to study the molecular mechanisms of occupational disease. In order to find the biomarkers for assessing the styrene effects early, before clinical symptoms develop and to understand the mechanisms of adverse health effects, we surveyed 134 employees, among whom 52 workers(30 male and 22 female) were chronically exposed to styrene in 10 glass-reinforced plastic boat manufacturing factories in Korea and 82 controls had never been occupationally exposed to hazardous chemicals including styrene. The age and drinking habits and serum biochemistry such as total protein, BUN and serum creatinine in both groups were significantly different. Exposed workers were divided into three groups according to exposure levels of styrene(G1, below 1/2 TLV; G2, 1/2 TLV to TLV; G3, above TLV). The mean concentration of airborne styrene in G1 group was $10.93{\pm}11.33ppm$, and those of urinary mandelic acid(MA) and phenylglyoxylic acid(PGA) were $0.17{\pm}0.21$ and $0.13{\pm}0.11g/g$ creatinine, respectively. The mean concentration of airborne styrene in G2 and G3 groups were $47.54{\pm}22.43$ and $65.33{\pm}33.47ppm$, respectively, and levels of urinary metabolites such as MA and PGA increased considerably as expected with the increase in exposure level of styrene. The airborne styrene concentration were significantly correlated to the urinary concentration of MA(r=0.784, p=0.000) and PGA(r=0.626, p<0.001). In the 2D electrophoresis, the concentration of five proteins including complement C3 precursor, alpha-1-antitrypsin(AAT), vitamin D binding protein precursor(DBP), alpha-1-B-glycoprotein(A1BG) and inter alpha trypsin inhibitor(ITI) heavy chain-related protein were significantly altered in workers exposed to styrene compared with controls. While expression of complement C3 precursor and AAT increased by exposure to styrene, expression of DBP, A1BG and ITI heavy chain-related protein decreased. These results suggest that the exposure of styrene might affects levels of plasma proteinase, carriers of endogenous substances and immune system. In particular, increasing of AAT with the increase in exposure level of styrene can explain the tissue damage and inflammation by the imbalance of proteinase/antiproteinase and decrease of DBP, A1BG and ITI heavy chain-related protein in workers exposed to styrene is associated with dysfunction and/or declination in immune system and signal transduction