• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.45-56
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• 2012

This study was conducted to give basic information of the animal manure management by manure units determination for recycling farming in Cheorwon-gun. Manure units (MU) are used in the permitting, registration, and the environmental process because they allow equal standards for all animals based on manure nutrient production. An MU is calculated by multiplying the number of animals by manure unit factor for the specific type of animal. The manure unit factor for MU determination was determined by dividing amounts of manure N produced 80 kg N/year. Conversion to manure units is a procedure used to determine nutrient pollution equivalents among the different animal types. In this study, the manure unit factor based on nitrogen in Hanwoo, dairy cow, pig were 0.36, 0.8 0.105, respectively. The analysis of manure unit per ha shows that the N loading by MU is quite different by region. The nitrogen loading of manure unit (MU) per ha of cultivated land was the highest in the Galmal-eup on province with 2.4 MU/ha, which is higher than the appropriate level. The Seo-myeon province came next with 1.92 MU/ha. To be utilized as a valid program to build the recycling farming system, diverse measures shall be mapped out to properly determine manure units, evaluate N-loading and to properly manage their nutrient balance of each region.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.265-272
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• 2009

A total of 486 milk records were collected from 16 diary farms in Imsil-gun, Jeollabuk-do. Results obtained were as follows: The average 3MG (amount of milk within the first three minute) was 7.44 kg and 55% of total milk yield was produced within 3 min. The average of SPL (% of foam in milk) was 33.93% and the average of MNG (strip yield) was 0.14 kg, which was less than 1% of total milk yield. The averages of HMF (highest milk flow), HMG (maximum milk flow rate in one minute) and DMHG (average milk flow in the main milking phase) were 3.03 kg/min, 2.94 kg/min and 2.05 kg/min, respectively and the average milking speed in Imsil-gun was slower than other regions. The average of tS500(time to reach 0.5 kg/min at beginning) was 0.23min (about 14 seconds) and that of tMGG (duration of the total milking) was 7.75min. The average tMBG (duration of the dry milking phase) was 0.58 min (35 seconds) and that of tMNG (duration of the stripping phase) was 0.42min (14 seconds). The averages of ELHMF (electrical conductivity at highest milk flow) and ELAP (beginning peak level of the electrical conductivity) were 6.81 mS/cm and 7.58 mS/cm, respectively. The average of ELMAX (maximum electrical conductivity) was 7.48 mS/cm and that of ELAD (beginning peak difference of the electrical conductivity) was 0.61 mS/cm. While the total milk yields for DMHG, tMHG (duration of the main milking phase), tPL (duration of the plateau phase), tAB (duration of the descending phase) and tMGG were positively correlated (0.35~0.54), those for tMBG and SPL were negatively correlated (-0.11 and -0.27). As the DMHG increased, tMHG, tPL, tAB, tMGG and SPL decreased. While the cows with higher electrical conductivity at the beginning of milking had less somatic cell counts, cows with higher electrical conductivity after the peak of milk yield had more somatic cell counts. The results of this experiment indicated that through milking based on milking and lactating standards and the regular checking of milking status, the qualities of milk and milk yields could be improved.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.21-28
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feed intake and water consumption on milk yield and manure production in milking cows. The average feed intake(dry matter) of milking cows were 19.5kg/hd/d. Spring(23.9kg) and fall(22.1kg) feed intake rates when higher than in the summer(17.0kg) and winter(15.3kg/hd/d). The average water consumption of milking cows were $77.2\ell/hd/d$. Summer showed the highest value$(85.5\ell/hd/d)$ and winter showed the lowest value$(62.2\ell/hd/d)$. The average milk yield during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 30.8, 24.0, 25.4, and 23.7kg/hd/d, respectively. Milk yield during spring was found to be statiscally greater than for the other seasons. Manure production of milking cows during spring, summer, fall, and winter was 64.4, 63.5, 60.4, and 51.0kg/hd/d, respectively. Consequently, a relatively high correlation between milk yield and water consumption$(R^2=0.7742)$, milk yield and feed intake$(R^2=0.7459)$, water, consumption and urine production$(R^2=0.7422)$, feed intake and feces production$(R^2=0.6044)$, and milk yield and feces production$(R^2=0.6920)$ were observed in milking cows. The other hand, correlation between water consumption and feces production$(R^2=0.2950)$, feed intake and urine production $(R^2=0.1985)$, and milk yield and urine production$(R^2=0.2335)$ were found to be relatively low. Therefore, correlation equation between milk yield and feed intake, milk yield and water consumption can be estimated from : $Y=0.1919X_1+11.181(R^2=0.7742),\;Y=0.8568X_2+9.3067(R^2=0.7459)$(Y=milk yield $X_1=water$ consumption, $X_2=feed$ intake).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.619-625
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• 2005

This study has been carried out to examine the characteristics of anti-H. pylori antibodies of milk produced from cows immunized with antigen of Helicobacter pylori such as peculiarity of antigen antibody, agglutination of H. pylori strain, stability of antibody against acid, alkali and heat treatments. The molecular weight of anti-H. pylori antibody measured by SDS-PAGE were turned out as about 50 kDa in the heavy chain and about 24 kDa in the light chain. Twenty protein bands were visualized in H. pylori interacting with anti-H. pylori antibody which was made in dairy cow by immunization with H. pylori. The western blotting was peformed in order to examine the antigen peculiarity of anti-H. pylori, The results were all 7 antigen substances including serum, furified serum, whey and furified whey could be confirmed and the major antigen substances were 97, 66,34 kDa of molecular weight. As a result of agglutination response anti-H. pylori antibody in whey showed 1/10 agglutination value against H. pylori. In stability test about acid and alkali of antibody, there was $100\%$ activated at the range of $pH5\~pH10$. In stability test about heat, the antibody showed stable condition at $60^{\circ}C$ for 60 minutes and comparatively stable condition at $70^{\circ}C$, but reduced activation to $40\%$ after 60 minutes. It maintained $77\%$ activation at $80^{\circ}C$ for 4 minutes and comparatively stable at $100^{\circ}C$ for 1 minute.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2016

This study was conducted to evaluate the possibility of expanding the usage of whole crop silage from beef cattle and dairy cow to hogs and chickens. For this purpose, a crushing device was developed to crush whole crop silage. The crushed silage was sealed, and analyzed for its feed value. The silage varieties used for the experiment included Saessal barley and Geumgang wheat. Whole crop barley and wheat were crushed in the crushing system as a whole without separating stems, leaves, grains, etc.. When the crushed whole crop silages (CWCS) were analyzed, full grain, grains above 10 mm in size, grains 5~10 mm in size, and grains below 5 mm in size accounted for, 20%, 4%, 27%, and 49 %, respectively. In order to facilitate the fermentation of CWCS, inoculated some fermenter into each CWCS sample (barley or wheat). As control, another set of sample was not inoculated. Crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), crude fiber (CF), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), lignin, cellulose content, total digestible nutrient (TDN), and relative feed value (RFV) of fermenter-inoculated Saessal barley were 2.45 %, 1.61%, 8.95%, 16.94%, 9.52%, 1.01%, 8.51%, 81.38%, and 447.5%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, and RFV in the other sample of Saessal barley without inoculation of fermenter were 2.57%, 1.62%, 9.61%, 18.25%, 10.13%, 1.10%, 9.04%, 80.90%, and 412.9%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, and RFV of fermenter-inoculated Geumgang wheat sample were 2.43%, 1.27%, 10.99%, 19.49%, 11.23%, 1.46%, 9.77%, 80.03%, and 382.6%, respectively. The CP, EE, CF, NDF, ADF, lignin, cellulose content, TDN, RFV of the other set sample of Geumgang wheat sample without the inoculation of fermenter were 2.28%, 1.44%, 10.08%, 18.02%, 10.44%, 1.26%, 9.18%, 80.65%, and 416.9%, respectively. The TDN and RFV content in the fermenter-inoculated Saessal barley were 81.38% and 447.5%, respectively, while the one in the fermenter-inoculated Geumgang wheat were 80.03% and 382.6% respectively. When the feed value of whole crop barley and wheat silage without crushing process was compared to the feed value of whole crop barley and wheat silage made from crushing system, the latter appeared to be higher than the former. This could be due to the process of sealing the crushed silage which might have minimized air content between samples and shortened the golden period of fermentation. In conclusion, these results indicate that a crushing process might be needed to facilitate fermentation and improve the quality of silage when making whole crop silage.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate resumption of ovarian cyclicity and effect of BCS on estrous response by treatment of $PGF_2a+PGF_2a+CIDR$ program on day 40 postpartum in lactating dairy cow. First $PGF_2a$ was given on day 40 postpartum, second $PGF_2a$ was given 14 days apart to cows not-responded to 1st $PGF_2a$ and then CIDR was inserted for 7 days after 5 days in cows not-responded to 2nd $PGF_2a$. The $42.9\%$ of the cows showed more than 1 ng/mL milk progesterone concentration within 10 to 30 days postpartum. About $19\%$ of the cows exhibited more than 1 ng/mL milk pro-gesterone concentration between 31 to 50 days postpartum. However $38.1\%$ of the cows have not shown more than 1 ng/mL milk progesterone up to 50 days postpartum. Estrous response to the treatment of 1 st $PGF_2a$ and 2nd $PGF_2a$ was $47.5\%$ and $52.4\%$, respectively. Combination of 1 st $PGF_2a$ and 2nd $PGF_2a$ was $75\%$ and combination of 1st $PGF_2a$+2nd $PGF_2a$+CIDR was $87.5\%$. Estrous response to the treatment of $PGF_2a+PGF_2a$ program was $61.5\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $81.5\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS. Estrous response to the treatment of CIDR was $40\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $80\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS. Estrous response to the treatment of PPC on day 40 postpartum was $76.9\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $96.3\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS.