• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.100-105
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• 1995

A whole body extract (WBE), a crude nuclear fraction, of aphids was prepared and used to identify the proteins which bound specifically to 5'-upstream regions of the transcription initiation site of the aphid ribosomal RNA gene (rDNA). While DNA fragment (-263/-195) was bound by only one specific 53 kDa protein, two DNA fragments, A(-194/23) and B(-393/-264), were commonly bound by three proteins (52 kDa, 50 kDa and 40 kDa). It was also revealed that the formation of he DNA-protein complex requires a cation.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1998

This study was designed to examine how dietary protein levels affect organ growth and protein metabolism in early and normally weaned rats. Early and normally weaned rats separated fro the dam on the 15th and 121st day postpartum, respectively. were fed diets containing three levels of protein : low(10%) , normal (20%),and high(40%) . On the 35th day, the weight and DNA, RNA and protein contents in brain , liver, and kidney were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Furthermore, serum total protein , albumin , $\alpha$-amino N and creatine and urinary urea N, and creatinine were determined in order to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions. Dietary protein levels were not observed to significantly affect total DNA content, which may represent an index of cell number in the liver, brain and kidney. Fresh weight and protein/DNA ratio, which may represent indices of cell size, significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein in the kidney. As for the early weaned rats , the liver cell size significantly decreased. Dietary protein levels and weaning periods did not affect serum total protein and albumin . However, serum urea-N significantly increased in proportion to dietary protein levels whereas serum $\alpha$-amino N was decreased by early weaning . Nitrogen retention was lower in early weaned rats fed low or high levels of protein than in normally weaned rats. The results demonstrate that low or high levels of dietary protein have less desirable effects on protein metabolism in prematurely weaned rats.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.242-247
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• 1992

Background: The ability to precisely measure specific mRNA levels by hybridization to complementary DNA probes is an important tool for analyzing the regulation of gene expression. Surfactant proteins have important roles in regulating surfactant metabolism as well as in determing its physical properties. Method: The complete coding regions for rat surfactant protein complementary DNA of surfactant protein B were subcloned into pGem 3Z or 4Z such that either antisense or sense transcripts were obtained by using SP 6 RNA polymerase. Surfactant protein B mRNA was measured by filter hybridization. Results: Equation of standard curve between counts per minute (Y) and surfactant protein B mRNA transcript input (X) was Y=2034.9 X+159.1. Correlation coefficient was 1.0. Couclusions: Filter hybridization assay is suited to situation when rapid, accurate quantitation of multiple samples is required.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-11
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• 1997

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of protein levels and casein/whey ratios on organ growth and protein metabolism in early weaned rats. Premature rats weaned by the 17th day were fed six semipurified synthetic, isocaloric and gel diets that contained three levels (low, medium and high) and two different combinations(casein/whey ; 80 : 20 or 20 : 80) of milk protein for 8 days. On the 25th day postpartum, frest weigth and DNA, RNA and milk protein contents in brain, liver, kidney and muscle were determined to ascertain organ and cellular growth. Futher, with a view to ascertain protein metabolism and renal functions, serum total protein, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N, and creatinine and creatinine and urinary urea N, creatinine and hydroxproline were determined. Total DNA contents of brain, liver and kidney, which may represent as an index of cell numbers in those organs were significantly decreased in the rats fed diets containing low level protein regardless of casein/whey ratio. However, as fat as the rats fed high protein diets were concerned, their fresh weight, protein contents and GFR of kidney were significantly increased. Furthermore, nitrogen components, $\alpha$-amino N, urea N and creatinie in serum and urine were also increassed. Another observation was that high casein/whey ratio significantly facilitated accumulation of porteins in muscle and kidney and urinary hydorxyproline excretion, not affecting the DNA content of those organs. This study showed that low(8%) or high(32%) contents of protein had less desirable effects either on protein metabolism or on organ cellular growth in prematurely weaned rats, whereas there were no effects on general growth and bone strength.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 1964

Yung Nok Lee (Dept. of Biology, Korea University) : Studies on the phosphate metabolism in Chlorella, with special reference to polyphosphate. Kor. J. Microbiol., Vol.2, No.1, p1-11 (1964). 1. Uniformly $^{32}P$-labeled Chlorella cells which were irradiated with Cobalt-60 gamma-rays of about 70, 000 $\gamma$ dose, were further grown in a standard "cold" medium ("hot".rarw."cold"), and some portions of the algae were taken out at the begining of, and at intervals during the culture, and subjected to analyze the contents of $^{32}P$- and total P in various fractions of the cell materials. Results obtained were compared with those of nonirradiated normal cells. 2. Amounts of phosphate in various fractions of the nonirradiated normal Chlorella cells were measured using uniformly $^{32}P$--labeled cells. Analysis of the $^{32}P$--labeled algal cells showed that the highest value in P-content was the fraction of RNA followed by those of lipid, polyphosphate "C" polyphosphate "B", DNA, nucleotidic labile phosphate compounds, polyphosphate "A" and protein. It was observed that content of total polyphosphates in a single Chlorella cell was almost equal to RNA-P content in the cell, and the amount of RNA-P was almost equal to ten times of DNA-P content. 3. When the $^{32}P$--labeled algae which were irradiated with gamma-rays were grown in a normal "cold" medium, phosphate contents in the fraction of DNA, nucleotidic labile phosphate compounds and protein decreased markedly, while the contents of phosphate in the fractions of polyphosphate "C" and potyphosphate "B" increased in comparison with those of unirradiated normal cells. So, it was considered that the pretreatment of above mentioned dose of gamma-ray inhibited DNA and protein synthesis from polyphosphate in Chlorella cells. 4. Proceeding the culture of $^{32}P$--labeled Chlorella in a "cold" standard medium, whose synthetic activity of DNA and protein from polyphosphate was disturded by gamma-ray irradiation, the amounts of $^{32}P$-in the fraction of polyphosphate "C" increased, in contrast with those of polyphosphate "B" fraction. According to these experimental results, it was inferred that polyphosphate "B" could transform into polyphosphate "C" in normal growing Chlorella cells.sults, it was inferred that polyphosphate "B" could transform into polyphosphate "C" in normal growing Chlorella cells.ing Chlorella cells.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.245-258
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• 2000

Somatic embryogenesis has become a major tool in the study of plant embryology, as it is possible in culture to manipulate cells of many plant species to produce somatic embryos in a process that is remarkably similar to zygotic embryogenesis. Traditionally, the process has been studied by an examination of the ex vitro factors which influence embryo formation. Later structural, physiological and biochemical approaches have been applied. Host recently, molecular tools are being used. Together, these various approaches are giving valuable information on the process. This article gives an overview of somatic embryogenesis by reviewing information on the morphogenesis, physiology, biochemistry and molecular biology of the process. Topics covered include a brief description of the factors involved in the production of embryogenic cells. Carrot cell suspension is most commonly used, and the development of a high frequency and synchronous system is outlined. At the physiological and biochemical lev-els various topics, including the reactivation of the cell cycle, changes in endogenous growth regulators, amino acid, polyamine, DNA, RNA and protein metabolism, and embryogenic factors in conditioned medium are all discussed. Lastly, recent information on genes and molecular markers of the embryogenic process are outlined. Somatic embryogenesis, the best example of totipotency in plant cells, is not only an important tool in studies in basic biology, but is potentially of equal significance in the micropropagation of economically important plants.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.199-209
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• 1984

Pregnant rats were fed a pyridoxine deficient diet during the gestation and lactation. DEF I group received the deficient diet from delivery ; DEF II group, from the 15 th day of gestation. Body and brain weights, brain protein, DNA, RNA, plasma GOT and GPT, and catecholamines were measured. Effect of MAO inhibiting drug, pargyline, was determined. Brain protein, DNA, and RNA of offsprings of deficient groups were significantly lower than the control group, but RNA/ DNA, brain weight/DNA, and protein/DNA show that cell number were more affected than cell size by the pyridoxine deficiency during the 3rd week of gestation and lactation. Plasma GOT activities were more significantly different than plasma GPT between the control and deficient group. Brain norepinephrine of offsprings of deficient group were significantly lower than the control, but brain dopamine content was not significantly different from the control. At 2nd and 3rd week, norepinephrine was significantly depressed in deficient groups. Pargyline treatment affected a 1.2 fold increase in catecholamines in 3hr while the control had a 1.5 fold increase. Thus norepinephrine and dopamine synthesis was depressed in the deficient groups. Dopaminergic neurons may be less dependent on pyridoxine level than neurons from norepinephrine. Pyridoxine deficiency in maternal diet is not so critical to brain catecholamines of offspring except to the neonatal rats.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-16
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• 1973

Some effects of dietary conditions on the metabolism of nucleic acid and protein in organs of the Albino Rats have been studied. The young rats to be examined were fed on the control diet and the diets deprived of one component among protein, carbohydrate, and lipid, such as protein free diet (PF: 432 kcal/100g) carbohydrate free diet (CF: 432kcal/100g), and lipid free diet (LF: 392kcal/100g) for three, seven, and fifteen days, respectively. The contents of DNA and RNA in the liver and the brain, and also those of protein-nitrogen(PN) and nonprotein-nitrogen (NPN) in the live, the brain, and the serum have been measured. The results are as followe: 1. The contents of DNA per gram of liver were increased by feeding on protein free diet. It is concluded that the critical factor for the result is not the increase in the rates of DNA syntheses, but the decrease in the turnover rates of DNA. 2. The metabolism of DNA in the liver showed the normal status by feeding on carbohydrate free diet. On the other hand, the rates of DNA syntheses were increased by feeding on lipid free diet. 3. The rates of DNA syntheses in the brain were decreased by feeding on the unbalanced diet, such as protein free, carbohydrete free, and lipid free diet. 4. In the liver and the brain, the rates of DNA syntheses were decreased by feeding on protein free diet. But the rates showed the normal status by feeding on the carbohydrate free diet, and also showed the similar metabolism to that in the case of the control group by feeding on lipid free diet. 5. In the liver, the rates of protein syntheses were decreased, whereas the contents of nonprotein-nitrogen were increased by feeding on protein free diet. 6. In the liver and the brain, the protein syntheses showed the more increasing rates than the rates in the case of the control diet by feeding on lipid free diet. 7. In the serum, the contents of protein did not change in a short period, also the insufficient feeling on protein was examined. It is clear that in the liver the rates of protein syntheses are decreased and the rates of protein catabolism are increased, since the rates of nucleic acid syntheses are decreased by feeding on the protein free diet. On the other hand, it is considered that in the brain the turnover rates of protein does not have correlation with the rates of nucleic acid syntheses, also these are decreased by feeding on protein free diet. And also it is believed that the phenomena of homeostasis for carrying the normal metabolism of nucleic acid and protein in the liver and the brain are operated in a short period as possible, by feeding on carbohydrate free and lipid free diets.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1585-1593
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• 2005

The genetic effects of restraint stress challenge on HPA axis and the therapeutic effect of Boshimgeonbi-tang on the stress were studied with cDNA microarray analyses, RT-PCR on hypothalamus using an immobilization-stress mice as an animal model. Male CD-1 mice were restrained in a tightly fitted and ventilated vinyl holder for 2hrs once a day, and this challenge was repeated for seven· consecutive days. In the change of body weight it showed that the Boshimgeonbi-tang is effected recovery on weight loss caused by the immobilization-stress. Seven days later, total RNA was extracted from the organs of the mouse, body-labeled with $CyDye^{TM}$ fluorescence dyes and then hybridized to CDNA microarray chip. Scanning and analyzing the array slides were carried out using GenePix4000 series scanner and GenePix $Pro^{TM}$ analyzing program, respectively. The expression profiles of 109 genes out of 6000 genes on the chip were significantly modulated in hypothalamus by the immobilization stress. Energy metabolism-, lipid metabolism-, apoptosis-, stress protein, transcriptional factor, and signal transduction-related genes were transcriptionally activated whereas DNA repair-, protein biosysthesis-, and structure integrity-related genes were down-regulated in hypothalamus. The 58 genes were up-regulated by the mRNA expression folds of 1.5 to 7.9. and the 51 genes were down-regulated by 1.5 - 5.5 fold. The 11 genes among them were selected to confirm the expression profiles by RT-PCR. The mRNA expression levels of Tnfrsf1a (apoptosis), Calm2 (cell cycle), Bag3 (apoptosis), Ogg1 (DNA repair), Aatk (apoptosis), Dffa (apoptosis), Fkbp5 (protein folding) were restored to the normal one by the treatment of Boshimgeonbi-tang.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.174-179
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• 2006

A cDNA library was constructed from leaf samples of 4-year-old Panax ginseng cultured in a field. 3,000 EST from a size selected leaf cDNA library were analyzed. The 349 of 2,896 cDNA clones has related with energy metabolism genes. The 349 known genes were categorized into nine groups according to their functional classification, aerobic respiration(48.4%), accessory proteins of electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(17.2%), glycolysis and gluconeogenesis(3.4%), electron transport and membrane associated energy conservation(2.9%), respiration(2.0%), glycolysis methylglyoxal bypass(1.7%), metabolism of energy reserves(0.6%) and alcohol fermentation(0.3%).