• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제55권3호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2020

Various studies have been conducted to improve silica dispersion of silica filled tire tread compounds; among them, silica wet masterbatch (WMB) technology is known to be suitable for manufacturing silica filled compounds that have high silica content and high dispersibility. Till now, the WMB study is focused on the natural rubber (NR) or emulsion styrene-butadiene rubber (ESBR) that does not have a silica-affinity functional group, and a study of NR or ESBR having a silica-affinity functional group is still not well known. Unlike the dry masterbatch technology, the WMB technology can solve the problems associated with the high Mooney viscosity when applied to silica-friendly rubber. However, a coagulant suitable for each functional group has not yet been determined. Therefore, in this study, different coagulant applied silica WMB was prepared by applying calcium chloride, sulfuric acid, acetic acid, and propionic acid by using a carboxyl group functionalized reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer ESBR. The evaluation of the WMB compounds revealed that the calcium chloride added WMB compound showed excellent silica dispersion, abrasion resistance, and rolling resistance.

• Macromolecular Research
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.304-310
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• 2002

In a recent study by the same authors using a DMTA (Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analyzer), it was found that the 4-aminobenzoic arid (ABA) molecules acted as either a neutralizing agent, or a plasticizer, or a filler, depending on the order of mixing of poly(styrene-co-styrenesulfonic acid) (PSSA), ABA, and NaOH. Subsequent to that study, we here pursued the same topic, i.e., the effect of the addition of CsOH (instead of NaOH) and ABA on the morphology of PSSA, but this time, by using a small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) technique. In line with the previous results, the present study with the SAXS technique verified that the order of mixing has a significant effect on the morphology of ionomers. In addition, with the SAXS data and the density values of the ionomers, we attempted to calculate both the number of sulfonate ionic groups per multiplet and the size of the multiplet of the ionomer.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제84권6호
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• pp.823-829
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• 2022

This study considered the experimental parameters (Nano-graphene oxide reinforced polycarbonate, GFRP) under low-velocity impact load and vibration analysis. The effect of nano-graphene oxide (NGO) on a polycarbonate-based composite was studied. Two test procedures were adopted to obtain experimental results, vibration analysis. The mechanical tests were performed on damaged and non-damaged specimens to determine the damaging effect on the composite specimens. After the test was carried out, the effect of NGO was measured and damping factors were ascertained experimentally. 0. 2 wt% NGO was determined as the optimum amount that best affected the Vibration Analysis. The experiments revealed that the composite's damping properties were increased by adding the nanoparticles to 0.25 wt% and decreased slightly for the specimens with the highest nanoparticles content. Cyclic sinus loading was applied at a frequency of 3.5 Hz. This paper study the frequency effect of 3.5khz frequency damage on mechanical results. Found that high frequency will worthlessly affect the fatigue life in NGO/polycarbonate composite. In 3.5 Hz frequency, it was chosen to decrease the heat by frequency. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) micrographs were used to investigate the distribution of NGO on the polycarbonate matrix and revealed a homogeneous mixture of nano-composites and strong bonding between NGO and the polycarbonate which increased the damping properties and decreased vibration. Finally, experimental modal analysis was conducted after the high-velocity impact damage process to investigate the defect on the NGO polycarbonate composites.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.234-243
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• 2002

A general scheme of a rubber structure is proposed. Using the thermomechanical method(TMA), some changes in the molecular and topological structures for uncured and cured, and unfilled and filled rubbers during processing are shown. In our investigations as region it is understood a complex structure, which is expressed at the thermomechanical curve(TMC) as a zone differed from others in thermal expansion properties. This zone is between the noticed temperatures of relaxation transitions, usually on the level like those determined by DMTA at 1Hz. These regions, which shares, are not stable, and differ in molecular-weight distribution(MWD) of chain fragments between the junctions. Differences in dynamics of the formation of the molecular and topological structures of a vulcanizate are dependent on the rubber formulation, mixing technology and curing time. Some of characteristics of these regions correlate with mechanical properties of vulcanizates what is shown for NR rubbers containing ENR or CPE as a polymeric additive. It is well known that the state of order influences diffusivity of low-molecular substances into the polymer matrix. Because of this, the two topological amorphous regions should influence the distribution of the ingredients and resulting in rubber compounds' heterogeneity, and related properties of cured rubber. Investigation of this problem is expected to be, in the future, one of the essential factors in determining further improvement of polymeric materials properties by compounding with additives and in reprocessing of rubber scrap.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제10권2호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2009

The objective of this research was to investigate the curing behavior and adhesion performance of urea-melamine-formaldehyde (UMF) resin for the four types of UMF-1, UMF-2, UMF-3, and UMF-4 which synthesized by the staged addition of melamine. Also, various network structures of these resin types were discussed based on their different curing behavior and adhesion performance. The curing behavior was evaluated by DMTA and thermal stability was checked by TGA. Adhesion performance was evaluated by dry and wet shear strengths and the pH value of each cured resin was checked to see its effect on the adhesion performance. The results indicated that the UMF-1 resin type by the addition of melamine initially with the urea and formaldehyde at the same F/(U+M) rate showed the lowest thermal stability, rigidity (${\Delta}E^{\prime}$), temperature of tan ${\delta}$ maximum ($T_{tan}\;_{\delta}$), and wet shear strength, and pH value of cured resin. In wet shear strength, however, the UMF-4 resin type appears to be slightly higher than UMF-1 resin type.

• 폴리머
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.745-755
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• 2012

Two types of polymers were tested in this study; poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) as a synthetic example and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) as a natural polymer. DSC analyses showed that the use of nanofiller increased the degree of crystallinity ($X_c$) of both PET and PLA polymers, but the effect was more noticeable on PET nanocomposites. The crystallization of PLA and PET nanocomposites occurred at higher temperatures in comparison to neat polymers. According to dynamic mechanical-thermal analysis (DMTA), the damping factor of PET/$TiO_2$ nanoparticles decreased compared to the neat matrix, but for PLA nanocomposites the opposite trend was observed. Results of the mechanical test showed that for both PET and PLA nanocomposites, the most successful toughening effect was observed at 3 wt% loading of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. SEM micrographs revealed uniform distribution of $TiO_2$ nanoparticles at 1 and 3 wt% loading levels. The results of WAXD spectra explained that the polymorphs of PLA and PET was not affected by $TiO_2$ nanoparticles. UV-visible spectra showed that $TiO_2$ nanocomposite films had high ultraviolet shielding compared to neat polymer, but there was significant reduction in transparency.

• 공업화학
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• 제10권8호
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• pp.1141-1146
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• 1999

PA6/PP-g-MA 블렌드계에 상용성 충격개선제로서 SEBS-g-MA를 첨가하여 용융혼합하였고 기계적 물성과 모폴로지 변화를 조사하였다. SEBS-g-MA의 첨가에 의해 인장강도는 약간 감소하지만 파단신율은 증가하였다. 충격강도는 PP-g-MA와 SEBS-g-MA 함량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 이는 무수말레산의 카르복시기와 아마이드의 반응에 의해 계면접착력과 상용성의 개선이 이루어졌기 때문이다. Dynamic mechanical thermal analyzer(DMTA)를 이용한 tan ${\delta}$의 변화에서도 전형적인 고분자 블렌드의 상용화거동을 보였다. 최종적으로 이 블렌드물의 상구조를 관찰한 결과에서도 SEBS-g-MA의 첨가에 따라 분산상의 크기가 감소하는 것으로 보아 상용성과 계면접착력이 개선됨을 확인하였다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.188-194
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• 2001

고무상으로 천연고무(NR)와 trans-octylene rubber(TOR)를 플라스틱상으로는 isotactic 폴리프로필렌(iPP)을 고무:플라스틱이 70:30(wt/wt)이 되도록 내부혼합기에서 용융혼합하고, 동적가황시킴으로써 열가소성탄성체를 제조하였으며, 고무상의 TOR 함량에 따른 기계적물성, 동적점탄성물성 및 열적특성의 변화에 관하여 UTM, DMA, TGA등을 이용하여 조사하였다. 고무상에 TOR이 첨가됨으로써 모듈러스, 인장강도 및 신율등의 인장물성의 증가, 영구압축줄음률의 감소, 경도의 증가를 가져왔으며, 또한, 동적특성 및 열적안정성도 함께 향상시킬 수 있음을 알았다. 이와같은 물성의 증가는 TOR이 천연고무에 첨가됨으로써 고무상의 가교밀도를 증가시키고, 고무상의 용융점도를 낮춤으로써 고무와 iPP와의 혼화성을 증대시키기 때문이라고 판단되었다.

• 공업화학
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.471-476
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• 2008

본 연구에서는, 에폭시(DGEBA)/폴리아미드/DDS/2E4MZ-CNS 반응성 블렌드의 폴리아미드 함량에 따른 블렌드계의 열적, 형태학적 특징 및 기계적 물성에 대해 고찰하였다. 본 블렌드계의 경화거동은 DSC, 기계적 강도는 UTM, 형태학적 특징 변화는 SEM, 동적열기계특성은 DMTA를 사용하여 관찰하였다. 폴리아미드의 함량은 각각 10, 20, 30 phr, 경화촉진제인 2E4MZ-CNS의 함량은 2 phr이었으며 반응온도는 $180^{\circ}C$에서 30 min간 유지하였다. 에폭시/폴리아미드/DDS/2E4MZ-CNS 블렌드계는 경화촉진제의 첨가에 의해서 반응 시작 온도가 현저히 낮아지면서 폴리아미드 분산상의 경계면 구분이 어려워지고 co-continuous한 분산상이 관찰된다. 그러나, 경화촉진제가 없을 경우에는 분산상의 경계면이 선명하게 나타난다. 에폭시/폴리아미드/DDS/2E4MZ-CNS 블렌드계는 경화촉진제의 도입에 의해서 반응 온도와 형태학적 특징의 조절이 가능하여 경화촉진제를 사용하지 않는 경우보다 약 20% 높은 기계적 강도를 얻을 수 있었다. 결과적으로, 경화촉진제 도입에 의해서 에폭시와 폴리아미드 분산상 계면에서의 강한 결합력을 기대할 수 있었다.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2002

본 연구의 목적은 목분과 폴리프로필렌으로 제조한 목질-고분자 복합재료의 점탄성적 성질에 미치는 결합제, 기핵제의 영향에 대해 고찰하는데 있으며, 목분과 결합제간의 esterification 반응이 목질-고분자 복합재의 기계적 성질에 미치는 영향 또는 고찰하고자 한다. 복합재는 목분 60%와 폴리프로필렌 40%를 혼합하여 제조하였으며, DMTA (Dynamic mechanical thermal analysis)를 사용하여 damping peaks (than ${\delta}$), storage modulus (E'), loss modulus (E")를 측정하였다. 또한 XPS (X-ray Photolectron Spectroscopy)를 사용하여 목분에 MAPP를 처리하기 전과 후의 상태를 고찰하였다. DMA 시험은 온도범위 $-20{\sim}100^{\circ}C$에서 여러가지 주파수 (1, 5, 10, 25 HZ) 조건과, 승온속도 $5^{\circ}C/min$으로 실시하였다. 이 시험결과를 토대로 복합재의 활성화에너지를 구하여 결합제와 기핵제가 목분과 고분자물질간 계면의 성질에 미치는 영향을 고찰하였다.