• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권8호
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• pp.1090-1097
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• 2001

Nine tons of fresh rice straw from early-maturing varieties was ensiled with 50 g urea $kg^{-1}$ DM straw in plastic bags immediately after threshing. Five months after storage, preserved straw was used to partially replace elephant grass (Pennisetum purpureum, Schumach) for lactating cows. Eight crossbred Holstein lactating cows (75% of Holstein blood) in their second to fourth lactation and in mid-lactation were arranged in a balanced design with two squares consisting of $4\;periods{\times}4\;treatments$ (100% grass ad lib. as a control; 75% grass+urea treated fresh rice straw (UTrFRS) ad lib.; 50% grass+UTrFRS ad lib.; 25% grass+UTrFRS ad libitum) in one square. A concentrate supplement was given at a rate of 400 g per day per kg of milk produced. Samples of fresh straw taken in the field and UTrFRS and elephant grass taken at feeding time were evaluated in a degradation trial with 3 fistulated heifers (undefined blood ratio of crossbred of Sindhi and local yellow cattle). Straw preserved for 5-9 months was in nearly all cases of good quality. Crude protein (CP) content was increased 2.1 fold and 48 h dry matter loss (DML) was 20% higher compared to dry straw. Elephant grass cultivated intensively was low in DM content and 10% higher in 48 h DML compared to UTrFRS. Dry matter intake (DMI) was higher for the mixture of UtrFRS and Elephant grass, and highest when one-third of the roughage was UTrFRS. Higher DMI of mixed roughage diets was probably due to the low DM content of elephant grass in the sole grass roughage diet. Increasing substitution of elephant grass with UTrFRS up to 75% of the roughage component increased milk fat content and had no effect on milk yield and other milk composition parameters. Feeding UTrFRS, partially replacing elephant grass in the diets of lactating cows in the dry season can reduce the cost of roughage.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제56권2호
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• pp.5.1-5.5
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• 2014

The objectives of this study were thus to identify most significant factors that determine milk component yield (MCY) using a meta-analysis and, if possible, to develop equations to predict MCY using variables that can be easily measured in the field. A literature database was constructed based on the research articles published in the Journal of Dairy Science from Oct., 2007 till May, 2010. The database consisted of a total of 442 observed means for MCY from 118 studies. The candidate factors that determine MCY were those which can be routinely measured in the field (e.g. DMI, BW, dietary forage content, chemical composition of diets). Using a simple linear regression, the best equations for predicting milk fat yield(MFY) and milk protein yield (MPY) were $MFY=0.351({\pm}0.068)+0.038({\pm}0.003)$ DMI ($R^2=0.27$), and $MPY=0.552({\pm}0.071)+0.031({\pm}0.002)DMI-0.004({\pm}0.001)$ FpDM (%, forage as a percentage of dietary DM) ($R^2=0.38$), respectively. The best equation for predicting milk fat content (%) explained only 12% of variations in milk fat content, and none of a single variable can explain more than 5% of variations in milk protein content. We concluded that among the tested variables, DMI was the only significant factor that affects MFY and both DMI and FpDM significantly affect MPY. However, predictability of linear equations was relatively low. Further studies are needed to identify other variables that can predict milk component yield more accurately.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.178-184
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• 1990

가다랑어 혈합육을 보다 효율적으로 이용하기 위한 일련의 기초연구로서, 가다랑어 혈합육의 지질성분, 함질소엑스분 및 구성아미노산 등을 보통 육과 함께 분석하여 비교, 검토하였다. 보통육은 혈합육에 비해 수분, 조단백질 함량은 약간 많은 반면, 조지방과 조회분 함량은 혈합육이 약간 많았다. 휘발성염기질소량은 보통육이 22.7mgg/100g, 혈합육이 46.9mg/100g으로 혈합육이 보통육에 비해 선도저하가 훨씬 빨랐다. 보통육과 혈합육의 총지질 조성은 각각 중성지질 $79.7\%,\;71.9\%$, 당지질, $6.8\%,\;9.5\%$, 인지질 $13.5\%,\;18.6\%$로 이루어져 있었다. 중성지질의 성분은 free fatty acid 및 triglyceride, 인지질은 phosphatidyl ethanolamine, phosphatidyl choline이 주성분이었고, Iyso형 인지질의 축적도 확인되었다. 총지질, 중성, 당 및 인지질의 지방산 조성에서 보통육은 16: 0 및 18 : 1을 주체로 한 포화산 및 모노엔산의 조성비가 혈합육보다 높았으며, 혈합육은 폴리엔산, 특히 22 : 6의 비율이 월등히 높았다. 16 : 0, 18 : 0, 18 : 1, 20:5 및 22:6 등이 주요 구성지방산이었다. 유리아미노산의 조성은 총함량에서 보통육 쪽이 많았고, 보통육에는 histidine, 혈합육에는 taurine의 함량이 월등히 많았다. 핵산관련물질 중 IMP량은 통육에서는 680.9mg/100g정도 잔존해 있었으나, 혈합육에서는 IMP의 분해가 급속히 진행되어 73.1mg/100g에 지나지 않았다. TMAO 및 TMA는 보통 육에 비해 혈합육에 훨씬 많이 함유되어 있었고, total creatinine은 보통육 쪽이 많았다. 구성아미노산의 조성은 양시료 간에 별차이가 없었고, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, Iysine, leucine, alanine, isoleucine 및 arginine 등이 주요 구성아미노산이었다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.257-266
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• 2006

저 농도와 고 농도 돈분 액비의 비료효과를 비교하기 위해 제주대학교 목장에서 2005년 6월부터 9월까지 피의 생산성, 피 재배 토양의 화학적 특성 및 용탈수 특성을 조사하였다. 실험은 난괴법 4처리 (무비구, 200 N kg/ha +150Pkg/ha+150 K kg/ha 화학비료구, 200 N kg/ha 1.8% DM 저농도 돈액비구, 200 N kg/ha DM 7.0% 고농도 돈액비구) 4반복으로 실시하였다. 용탈수는 2005년 8월 21일(1차), 9월 9일(2차) 및 9월 26일(3차)에 각각 채취하였다. 피의 건물수량은 처리 간 통계적 유의차가 없었으나 화학비료구가 가장 높았으며, 초장은 무비구 보다 화학비료와 돈분 액비 시용구에서 통계적으로 유의적 증가를 보였다. 피의 질소, 인 및 칼륨 흡수량은 화학비료와 고농도 돈액비구에서 다른 처리 보다 높은 추세였다. 토양의 OM함량은 무비 보다 비료시용(화학비료와 돈액비시용구)에서 높았으며 Na 함량은 저농도 액비구에서 가장 높았다. 용탈수 중 $NO_{3^-}N$와 $NH_{4^-}N$ 함량은 처리 간 뚜렷한 차이를 발견치 못 하였으며 1차 채수된$SO_4$ 함량은 고농도 액비에서 3차 채수된 $SO_4$ 함량은 저 농도 액비에서 유의적 증가를 보였다(p<0.05). 1차 채수된 용탈수에서 Cl, Mg 및 Na 함량이 고농도 액비에서 2, 3차 채수 시에는 저 농도 액비구에서 높은 함량을 보였다. 결론적으로 하계작물 피에 고농도 액비 시용은 화학비료나 저농도 액비보다 그의 생산성이나 토양 특성에 큰 영향이 없었으며 다만 시용 초기에 용탈 수의 $SO_4$나 Cl, Mg 및 Na 함량에 영향을 주고 있었다.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.239-252
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• 2011

The aim of the study was to explore the current status as well as personal views, attitudes, and beliefs regarding daily meal consumption (DM) and food supplement use (FS) in conjunction with the improvement of health condition of the women. Eight focus group interviews were performed and the interview material was condensed systematically with the aim to extract core meanings related to DM, FS, and menopause-associated health. Participants were 40 in number and showed ages ranging from 45 and 60 years with various menopausal status. Current status and beliefs about DM, resources of purchase motivation of FS, types of FS that are currently used, and perceived effects and personal beliefs about FS are discussed. Theme content analysis revealed 3 themes for beliefs about DM, 5 themes for beliefs pertaining FS, and 4 themes for the association between DM and FS. Non-dietary factors such as positive mental attitude and exercise appeared to be also important to maintain good health. The bottom line message from this study may be that proper nutrition through daily meals is essential for good health, while food supplement are used merely to supplement the diet. Findings from this study may deepen our understanding of how women who translate their lifespan through "menopause" perceive the roles and meaning of DM and FS, suggesting health professionals need to monitor and evaluate DM and implement strategies targeting the improvement of daily meal quality of middle and older aged women.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 1996

The productivity and utilization of four different grasdlegume pastures for grazing management were examined. The pasture mixtures used in this study were orchardgrass + ladino clover (Tl), orchardgrass + alfalfa (T2), perennial ryegrass + alfalfa (T3), and orchardgrass (T4, without legumes) respectively. The pastures were mtationally grazed 7 times with growing cow which had an initial weight of ca 243kg. The gmwth of pasture plants, dry matter (DM) yield, DM distribution, daily DM production, and pasture utilization were investigated at the NLRI, in Suwon, from April to October in 1991 and 1992. The average plant height at each grazing was 32-33m. The average DM content was 17.8%, wil the lowest in TI (16.4%) and highest in T3 and T4 (18.4%). The annual DM production were 9,609 kg (T3), 9,420 kg (Tl), 9,402 kg (T2), and 9,194 kgha (T4) in that order, but no significant differences were found in forage yield between treatments. Most of forage DM was produced in spring season, particularly in May. The daily DM production was highest in May (81.9kg), and lowest in August (33.0kg/ha). The average efficiency of pasture utilization was about 79%, with the lowest in TI (77%), and highest level of utilization was observed in T4 (82%). In this experiment, production and utilization of each pastures were observed similarly. However, the forage nutritive value, botanical composition, and animal performance as affected by different pasture mixtures for suitable grazing management are needed to ascertain.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.517-522
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to compare in vitro gas production kinetics, metabolizable energy (ME), organic matter digestibility (OMD) and microbial protein (MP) production of widely used legume hays in ruminant nutrition in Turkey. Gas production were determined at 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h and their kinetics were described using the equation p = a+b ($1-e^{-ct}$). There were significant differences among legume hays in terms of chemical composition. The crude protein content of legume hays ranged from 11.7 to 18.6% of dry matter (DM); crude fat from 2.1 to 3.5% DM; neutral detergent fiber from 35.6 to 52.0% DM; acid detergent fiber from 32.0 to 35.5% DM and acid detergent lignin 1.7 to 11.0% DM. Total gas production after 96 h incubation ranged between 61.67 and 76.00 ml/0.200 g of substrate. At 24, 72 and 96 h incubation the total gas production for common vetch were significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of the other legume hays. The ME, OMD and MP of legume hays ranged from 9.09 to 11.12 MJ/kg DM, 61.30 to 75.54% and 90.35 to 138.05 g/kg DM, respectively. The ME, OMD and MP of common vetch was significantly (p<0.01) higher than those of the other hays due to low cell-wall contents and high crude protein. At the end of the experiment, differences in chemical composition of legume hays resulted in the differences in the in vitro gas production, gas production kinetics and the estimated parameters such as ME, OMD and MP. Common vetch can be recommended to hay producers and ruminant breeders, due to high ME, OMD and MP production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.194-200
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• 2014

This study investigated the chemical composition and ruminal degradability of corn stover in three maize-planting regions in Qiqihaer, Heilongjiang Province, China. The whole stover was separated into seven morphological fractions, i.e., leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem rind, stem pith, stem node, ear husk, and corn tassel. The assessment of nutritive value of corn stover and its fractions was performed based on laboratory assays of the morphological proportions, chemical composition, and in situ degradability of dry matter (DM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). The chemical composition of corn stover was significantly different from plant top to bottom (p<0.05). Among the whole corn stover and seven morphological fractions, leaf blade had the highest crude protein (CP) content and the lowest NDF and ADF contents (p<0.05), whereas stem rind had the lowest CP content and the highest ADF and acid detergent lignin (ADL) contents (p<0.05). Ear husk had significantly higher NDF content and relatively lower ADL content than other corn stover fractions. Overall, the effective degradability of DM, NDF, and ADF in rumen was the highest in leaf blade and stem pith, followed by ear husk. The results indicate that leaf blade, ear husk, and stem pith potentially have higher nutritive values than the other fractions of corn stover. This study provides reference data for high-efficiency use of corn stover in feeding ruminants.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.891-894
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• 1999

A field experiment was conducted with Calliandra calothyrsus of fifteen provenances to evaluate the variation in the condensed tannin content of fresh leaves. Plants were raised in a nursery for three months and planted in the field. Experimental design was line planting of double hedgerows (3 m long plot, 1/2 meter interval, 45 plants in each plot) with 5 replicates. Plants were lopped every 5 months and samples (10 different plants within a plot; 4 newly flushed leaves, 4 partially expanded leaves and 4 mature full expanded leaves from each of 10 trees in a plot) were collected and were put on ice before transfer to the laboratory. Proanthocyanidine was extracted in aqueous acetone, and total extractable proanthcyanidine (TEPA) and total proanthocyanidine (TOPA) were measured. In addition, proximate analyses were made of different provenances. Crude protein contents varied from 19.74% to 16.45%; in vitro organic matter digestibility ranged from 36.09% to 23.32%. TEPA content ranged from 11.22 to 16.01 (measured as absorbance at $550nm,\;g^{-1}$ DM) and TOPA from 24.57 to 31.72 (measured as absorbance at $550nm,\;g^{-1}$ DM) TEPA and TOPA had a positive correlation, whereas crude protein content of Calliandra was negatively correlated with TEPA and TOPA. Provenances, such as Georgesville (Belize), local, Coban (Guatemala), Patulul (Guatemala), Bombana (Mexico) can be selected on the basis of nutritive value of fodder.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.309-318
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• 2007

The effects of supplementation of organic citrus on the quality of rice straw silage was investigated in this study. The aim of the study was to improve the quality of rice straw silage using agricultural by-products and therefore to secure the good quality forage sources. Firstly, looking at chemical composition of citrus added rice straw silage, crude protein content appeared improved with the addition of citrus to rice straw silage compared to control while NDF and ADF contents decreased. pH of the silages were different between control(4.39) and treatments$(3.47\sim3.53)$. Lactic acid content was higher in citrus added silage(4.87mM) than in control (3.65mM). External quality of the silages was also better in citrus added silage when citrus added at the equal ratio with rice straw(1 : 1). This trend was the same as with pH and lactic acid content. Propionate was significantly higher in citrus addd silage but butyrate was significantly lower. DM and NDF disappearance rates in the rumen were highest when citrus added at the equal ratio with rice straw(1:1). In conclusion, supplementation of citrus to rice straw silage with equal ratio contributed the best to the improvement of the quality of silage and it may have been due mainly to abundant content of non-structural carbohydrate in citrus.