• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.481-486
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• 1994

The effect of neutralization of urea-treated rice straw with sulfuric acid was investigated. Long-cut (15-20 cm) and short-cut (2-3 cm) rice straw were treated with 6% urea for 21 days, and the treated straw was mixed with an acid-molasses solution to neutralize free ammonia and kept airtightly in a plastic bag for 24 hours. The neutralized and non-neutralized straw were dried and subjected to chemical analysis and in vitro dry matter (DM) digestibility determination. The in vitro DM digestibility as well as crude protein (CP) content were remarkably improved by neutralization. Short-cutting of the straw before treatment gave a better result than the long-cut samples. Neutralization with sulfuric acid also affected the chemical composition and increased sulfur content of samples. The CP thus fixed by neutralization was proven to be kept stable for 3 months, and in vitro DM digestibility was not affected by the storing period.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.75-80
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• 1996

The corn is one of the most important forage crop in Korea. The harvest time for silage affects dry matter (DM) yield and silage quality. This study was carried out to determine the effect of harvest time on the DM yield and nutritive value of corn forage at the Experimental Livestock Farm, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Suweon in 1991. Forage DM yield and DM content of corn forage significantly increased mainly due to increase of ear. And also the ear to total DM ratio increased from 30% to 55% as the harvest was delayed. Chemical composition of the corn forage was improved by reduction in crude fihr, neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber as the harvest was delayed. This results indicated that the harvest time of corn forage plays an important role to determine DM yield and DM contents for silage materials.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.54-60
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• 2005

A study was conducted with the objective of evaluating the nutritive value of some browse species from Kenya. The species evaluated included: Bauhinia alba, Bauhinia variegata, Bridelia micrantha, Calliandra calothyrsus, Carisa edulis, Cratylia argentea, Gliricidia sepium, Lantana camara, Maerua angolensis, Sesbania micrantha and S. sesban. The browses were evaluated by their chemical composition including phenolics, in vitro gas production and tannin activity (tannin bioassay). All the species had high crude protein content (149-268 g/kg DM) and low NDF content (239-549 g/kg DM). The feeds had varying contents of total extractable tannins (TET) ranging from low (3-22 mg/g DM), moderate (42-58 mg/g DM) and high (77-152 mg/g DM). Calliandra calothyrsus had the highest tannin content. Significant (p<0.05) variation in gas production was recorded among the species. Sesbania micrantha had the highest (p<0.05) potential gas production while Gliricidia sepium had the highest (p<0.05) rate of gas production. Use of polyethylene glycol (PEG 6000), to assess the adverse affect of tannins, indicated that tannins in browse species with high tannin content had inhibitory effects on rumen microbial fermentation as indicated by the gas production. Estimated organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased with PEG addition. The results of this study indicate that such Kenyan browse species have the potential to be used as feed supplements for ruminant animals.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.501-507
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• 2013

We evaluated the effects of temperature, time, solvent type, and solvent concentration on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of rosemary extracts. The antioxidant capacity of rosemary extracts was demonstrated by their ability to scavenge stable free radicals, and the phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin Ciocalteu method. The highest values were obtained by water-based extraction at $90^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, a 75% methanol solution at $60^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, and a 50% ethanol solution at $70^{\circ}C$ for 10 min. The aqueous solution of 75% methanol, extraction temperature of $60^{\circ}C$, and extraction time of 30 min were the most efficient parameters for the extraction of polyphenols from dry rosemary.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.625-631
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of vitamin E on the oxidative damage and glomerular filteration rates(GFR) of kidney in streptozotocin(STZ) induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats weihing 100$\pm$10gm were randomly assigned to one normal and three STZ-induced diabetic groups which were subdivided into vitamin E free diet(DM-0E group)40mg vitamin E per kg diet(DM-40E group) and 400mg vitamin E per kg diet (DM-400E group), Vitamin E level of normal group was 40mg per kg diet. diabetes was experimentally induced by intravenous injection of 55mg/kg of body weight of STZ in citrate buffer(pH 4.3) after 4 weeks feeding of experimental diets. Animals were sacrificed at the 6th day of diabetic states. Activities of xanthine oxidase(XOD) in DM-0E DM-40 and DM-400E groups were significantly increased by 133%, 110%, and 74% respectively compared to normal group. The contents of microsomal superoxide radical(O2) in kidney were 106% and 119% higher of DM-0E and DM-40E groups than normal group respectively but that of DM-400E group was similar to normal group. The level of urnary microalbumin in DM-0E group was increased as 5 times much as normal group at the 6th day. Those of DM-40E and DM-400E groups were decreased to 16% and 36% respectively compared to DM-0E group. The content of urinary $\beta$2-microglobulin in DM-0E DM-40E and DM-400E group were increased by 268%, 181% and 163% respectively compared to normal group. GFR in DM-0E and DM-40E were significantly increased but was nor significantly different from DM-400E groups compared to normal group. In conclusion the supplementation of dietary vitamin E reduced peroxidative damage of renal glomerular and renal dysfunction in diabetic rats.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1541-1552
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• 2004

The effect of eight varieties of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) harvested at four stages of maturity were investigated for in situ DM and N degradability, ME and MP yield and content in an 8${\times}$4 factorial experiment. The varieties were Akichikara, Fukuhibiki, Habataki, Hamasari, Hokuriku 168, Kusanami, Tamakei 96 and Yumetoiro. Hamasari and Kusanami were forage varieties while all others were grain varieties. Forages were harvested on 10, 22, 34 and 45 days after flowering, ensiled and kept in airtight condition. Between 45 and 49 days after ensiling, silages opened, chopped and milled green to pass through 4 mm screen. Samples were incubated in the rumen of two Holstein steers for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h over eight 4 d periods. Bags at 0 h were washed in a washing machine. Variety affected DM (p<0.001: except 'a+b', p<0.01) and N (p<0.001) degradability characteristics of WCRS. Stages of maturity also affected DM (p<0.001: except 'a+b', p<0.05; 'c', p<0.08) and N (p<0.01: except 'c', p<0.05) degradability characteristics of WCRS. Interactions between variety and stages of maturity occurred in all DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.001) degradability characteristics except (p>0.05) for DM 'b', DM 'c', DM 'a+b' nd N 'c'. Effective DM degradability was higher in grain varieties than forage varieties and degradability increased with maturity. N availability decreased only slightly with maturity. Variety was the key factor for N degradability characteristics of WCRS since variety accounted for most of the total variation for degradability characteristics. Both ME and MP content and yield were higher (p<0.001) in grain varieties, and they increased (p<0.001) with the maturity. The results clearly demonstrated that the grain type varieties contained higher ME and MP content than forage varieties, and increase in maturity increases both ME and MP content of WCRS.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.556-566
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to determine the appropriate supplementation level of lactic acid bacteria (LAB; Lactobacillus plantarum and Bacillus clausii), yeast (Saccharomyces cariocanus and Wickerhamomyces anomalus) for degrading free gossypol and glucosinolate in the fermented total mixed ration (TMR) containing cottonseed meal (CSM) or rapeseed meal (RSM), to improve the utilization efficiency of these protein sources. Methods: For LAB, L. plantarum or B. clausii was inoculated at 1.0×10⁸, 1.0×10⁹, 1.0×10¹⁰, and 1.0×10¹¹ colony-forming unit (CFU)/kg dry matter (DM), respectively. For yeast, S. cariocanus or W. anomalus was inoculated at 5×10⁶, 5×10⁷, 5×10⁸, and 5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM, respectively. The TMR had 50% moisture and was incubated at 30℃ for 48 h. After fermentation, the chemical compositions, and the contents of free gossypol and glucosinolate were determined. Results: The results showed that the concentration of free gossypol content was reduced (p<0.05), while that of the crude protein content was increased (p<0.05) in the TMR containing CSM inoculated by B. clausii (1×10⁹ CFU/kg DM) or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM). Similarly, the content of glucosinolate was lowered (p<0.05) and the crude protein content was increased (p<0.05) in TMR containing RSM inoculated with B. clausii (1×10¹⁰ CFU/kg DM) or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/g DM). Conclusion: This study confirmed that inclusion of B. clausii with 1.0×10⁹ or 1.0×10¹⁰ CFU/kg DM, or S. cariocanus (5×10⁹ CFU/kg DM) to TMR containing CSM/RSM improved the nutritional value and decreased the contents of anti-nutritional factors.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1593-1598
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• 2003

Nutritional evaluation of some agro-industrial byproducts available in Samoa [dry brewers' grains (DBG), cocoa shell (CS), cocoa dust (CD) and desiccated coconut waste meal (DCWM)] available in Samoa was carried out using both the in vivo and in vitro techniques. In the in vivo study 24 Anglo-nubian goats were offered by-products with other feed ingredients to compound four different diets. The goats were randomly allocated to 4 diets on the basis of liveweight (18.7-0.3kg). The ADF content of the byproducts followed a similar trend to NDF. The byproducts have a high content of organic matter (91.0-95.4%). Gross energy (GE) content was higher in DCWM (25.1 MJ/kg DM), closely followed by CD (23.2 MJ/kg DM). Concentrate intake was significantly different (p<0.05) among the goats. Average daily live weight gains were 105, 92, 88 and 97 g/goat/day for DBG, CS, CD and DCWM, respectively. Daily live weight gains were higher (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, while the least gain was obtained in the goats that received CS byproduct diet. DM digestibility was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the goats on DBG diet than in the other goats. The least DM digestibility was obtained in the goats that received CD diet (p>0.05). CP digestibility followed a similar pattern to DM digestibility. The digestibility of NDF and ADF was influenced by the nature of the diets. The digestibility of OM and GE were best (p<0.05) in the goats that received DBG, DCWM and CS byproduct diets than in CD. Significant differences (p<0.05) among the byproducts were recorded for net gas production. Potential gas production (a+b) ranged from 7.064 to 42.17 ml. Organic matter digested (OMD) from gas production value at 24 h was higher in DBG (47.6 g/kg DM) and this was followed by DCWM (42.5 g/kg DM). The least OMD was obtained in CD (17.9 g/kg DM). A significant difference (p<0.05) in DM disappearance after 4, 8, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h was recorded. The potential and effective degradability varied significantly (p<0.05) from 85.95-99.6 g/kg DM and from 39.9-65.8%, respectively. The digestibility of the byproducts in both the in vivo and in in vitro techniques demonstrated that they are potential source of feed ingredients for ruminant livestock in Samoa and possibly in the other small Pacific Island countries. On the basis of their potential degradability the byproducts could be ranked in the following order:DCWM>DBG>CD>CS. In conclusion, the results obtained suggest that all the byproducts can contribute to ruminant livestock diets without adverse effects on feed intake, growth rate and apparent nutrient digestibility coefficients.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 1999

This study was conducted to evaluate the dry matter yield, quality and utilization of nutrients of wild Korean lespedeza as a forage legume sources. Dry matter(DM) yield of stages, chemical composition and DM digestibility were observed, also DM intake, digestibility and utilization of nitrogen and energy by Korean native goats were determined. Experimental diets include three treatrnents ; mixture grass hay(GS), GS 80% + lespedeza(LA) 20% and GS 60% + LA 40%, respectively. The DM yield of Korean lespedeza(LA) with advancing the growing stage tended to significantly increase(P<0.05). The average DM yield was observed 7,336kg/ha. CP content of LA tended to decrease, but fiber content tended to increase at growing stage advanced(P<0.05). The tannin content of LA was highest in bud stage (54.5mg/g), but tended to decrease at growing stage advanced, lowest in seed ripe stage(26.8mg/g) (P<0.05). With increasing the level of LA supplementation, DM intake by Korean native goats slightly increased, but no differences were observed in all diets. The digestibility of DM, cellular constituents and NDF were slightly lower for GS 100% diets than LA 20% and 40% supplemented diets(P<0.05). Apparently digested N% was not detected significant differences in all diets, but retained N and biological value were higher for LA supplemented diets than for GS 100% diets (P<0.05). Utilization of DE and ME was not detected significant differences in all diets. Above the results, it could be suggested that LA have a potential to provide as forage legume sources considering the DM yield, DM digestibility and nitrogen utilization.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

Ni-CNT(Carbon Nanotube) composite coatings is were formed by electrodeposition and their physical properties were investigated with variations of CNT content(1, 3, 6. 9 g/L) in the electrolyte solution, while the current density and electroplating time were fixed respectively at $6A/dm^2$ and 90 min.. With increasing CNT content from 1 to 9 g/L, incorporated CNTs into the composite coating were limited from 4.65 wt.% to 7.38 wt.%. Microhardness and contact angle values were increased with increasing CNT content of upto 3 g/L. With increasing the CNT content further, physical properties were degraded due to agglomeration, poor adhesion of CNTs to Ni matrix and thus rough surfaces. Optimum electroplating conditions were found to be the CNT content of 3 g/L, current density of 6 A/dm2 and electroplating time of 90 min.