• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.44-49
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• 2022

Essential oil was separated from Dendropanax morbiferus (DM) by means of hot water extraction and supercritical extraction, respectively, and the separated essential oil was analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively, and the antioxidant effect of essential oil was investigated. In addition, yields of essential oil and Caryophyllene according to the drying and extraction methods for each part of DM were obtained and compared, respectively. The yield of essential oil was found to be high in the order of bark > leaves > twigs > limb. When the freeze-dried DM leaves were supercritically extracted, the yields of essential oil and Caryophyllene were 23.2 g/kg DM and 429.6 mg Caryophyllene/kg DM, respectively. The essential oil of DM showed an antioxidant effect even at a low concentration, and the concentration of the essential oil of SC₅₀, which means 50% of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, was about 0.34%.

• Korean Deer Journal
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• no.10
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• pp.26-35
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• 1990

Seaeonal Changes in chemical composition, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD). dry matter(DM) yields and DM intake of browse(leaves of trees and shrubs) by four sika deer(Cervus nippon) bucks were studied from 1998 to 1989 under deforested slope moun

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2016

This study was carried out to determine the effects of application levels of fertilizer and sowing methods on yields and nutritive values of Italian ryegrass (IRG) in early spring. Five fertilizer levels were used: Treatment 1, 100-80-80 kg/ha; Treatment 2, 120-100-100 kg/ha; Treatment 3, 140-120-120 kg/ha; Treatment 4, 160-140-140 kg/ha; Treatment 5, 140-120-120 kg/ha of $N-P_2O_5-K_2O$ with silicate fertilizer 200 kg/ha. Dry matter (DM) yield was 8,330 kg/ha in Treatment 5, 7,686 kg/ha in Treatment 4, and 7,347 kg/ha in Treatment 3. There was no significant difference in total digestible nutrients (TDN) content. The content of crude protein was the highest in Treatment 5. Dry matter ratio was the lowest in Treatment 5. In Treatment 3, DM yield was 7,347 kg/ha, when total amounts of fertilizers were applied at one time. However, DM yield was 7,405 kg/ha, when 50% of pre-planting fertilizer and 50% of supplementary fertilizer were applied at different time. There was no significant difference between total application and split application of fertilizers. However, DM yield was 9,469 kg/ha in application treatment with 100 kg/ha of additional urea at three to four leaf stages of IRG. Regarding DM yield by sowing methods of IRG, the following order was found: drill seeding (8,176 kg/ha) > rotary-broadcast seeding-stamping (7,957 kg/ha) > rotary-broadcast seeding (7,810 kg/ha) > broadcast seeding (7,347 kg/ha) > broadcast seeding-rotary (7,034 kg/ha). DM yield (59.57%) was the lowest in broadcast seeding-rotary. Crude protein content was the highest with rotary work but the lowest with broadcast seeding.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2001

In order to determine the influence of nitrogen on agronomic characters, forage yield and quality, a Kenaf was cultured on the volcanic ash soil at the Experimental Farm of Cheju national University under the seven levels of nitrogen rates(0, 50, 100, 150, 200, 250kg/ha) from April 25 to Dec. 25, 1999. The plant height increased by increase of nitrogen rate, showing longest 250kg/ha with 286.6cm and shortest at no application plot with 255.7cm. The difference on leaf number, leaf withering number, stem diameter and branches number by nitrogen rate showed a similar tendency to the plant height. Increasing N rate from 0 to 250kg/ha fresh forage yield form 55.8 to 99.8MT/ha, dry matter (DM) yield from 8.8 to 15.8MT/ha, crude protein(CP) yield form 1.2 to 3.1MT/ha, total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield from 3.8 to 8.6MT/ha. However, no significant differences in these yields were found between 200 and 250kg N/ha. Nitrogen uptake increased form 192.9 to 496.2 kg/ha but N use efficiency decreased form 95.0 to 66.6 kg DM$^{a}$ /kg N with increasing from 0 to 250 kg/ha. As N rate increased from 0 to 250kg/ha, leaf and stem out of CP, crude fat (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), TDN contents increased from 20.1% to 25.8% and from 9.7% to 12.4%, from 5.6% to 8.1% and from 3.3% to 4.4%, from 36.1% to 40.2% and from 21.9% to 32.4%, from 59.3% to 75.0% and from 32.2% to 38.2%, respectively, while leaf and stem out of crude fiber decreased from 18.5% to 16.7% and from 51.5% to 39.3%. Based on the these findings, the optimum N rate for forage production of kenaf seems to be about 200 kg/ha in atmospheric phenomena and volcanic ash soils of jeju island.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.996-1002
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• 2003

A 6 (accession)${\times}$5 (cutting interval) factorial experiment was conducted over two years to investigate the effect of stage of growth on herbage production, nutritive value and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content of Napier grass and Napier grass${\times}$Pearl millet hybrids (hybrid Pennisetum). The purpose of the experiment was to determine the optimum stage of growth to harvest the Pennisetums for ensilage. Two Napier accessions (SDPP 8 and SDPP 19) and four hybrid Pennisetum (SDPN 3, SDPN 29, SDPN 38 and Bana grass) were compared at five harvest intervals (viz. 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks). Basal fertilizers were similar in all treatment plots, although nitrogen (N) top-dressing fertilizer was varied proportionately, depending on the harvesting interval. The application was based on a standard rate of 60 kg N/ha every six weeks. Stage of growth had significant effects on forage yield, WSC content and nutritive value of the Pennisetums. Herbage yields increased in a progressively linear manner, with age. Nutritive value declined as the harvesting interval increased. In particular, crude protein content declined rapidly (p<0.001) from $204g\;kg^{-1}$ DM at 2 weeks to $92g\;kg^{-1}$ DM at 8 weeks of growth. In vitro dry matter digestibility decreased from 728 to $636g\;kg^{-1}$ DM, whilst acid and neutral detergent fibre contents increased from 360 and 704 to 398 and $785g\;kg^{-1}$ DM, respectively. Rapid changes in nutritive value occurred after 6 weeks of growth. The concentration of WSC increased in a quadratic manner, with peaks ($136-182g\;kg^{-1}$ DM) at about 6 weeks. However, the DM content of the forage was low ($150-200g\;DM\;kg^{-1}$) at 6 weeks. Therefore, it was concluded that Pennisetums should be harvested between 6 and 7 weeks, to increase DM content and optimize herbage production without seriously affecting nutritive value and WSC content. Accessions SDPN 29 and SDPP 19 appeared to be most suited for ensilage. It was suggested that WSC content should be incorporated as a criterion in the agronomic evaluation and screening of Pennisetum varieties.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1541-1552
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• 2004

The effect of eight varieties of whole crop rice silage (WCRS) harvested at four stages of maturity were investigated for in situ DM and N degradability, ME and MP yield and content in an 8${\times}$4 factorial experiment. The varieties were Akichikara, Fukuhibiki, Habataki, Hamasari, Hokuriku 168, Kusanami, Tamakei 96 and Yumetoiro. Hamasari and Kusanami were forage varieties while all others were grain varieties. Forages were harvested on 10, 22, 34 and 45 days after flowering, ensiled and kept in airtight condition. Between 45 and 49 days after ensiling, silages opened, chopped and milled green to pass through 4 mm screen. Samples were incubated in the rumen of two Holstein steers for 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h over eight 4 d periods. Bags at 0 h were washed in a washing machine. Variety affected DM (p<0.001: except 'a+b', p<0.01) and N (p<0.001) degradability characteristics of WCRS. Stages of maturity also affected DM (p<0.001: except 'a+b', p<0.05; 'c', p<0.08) and N (p<0.01: except 'c', p<0.05) degradability characteristics of WCRS. Interactions between variety and stages of maturity occurred in all DM (p<0.001) and N (p<0.001) degradability characteristics except (p>0.05) for DM 'b', DM 'c', DM 'a+b' nd N 'c'. Effective DM degradability was higher in grain varieties than forage varieties and degradability increased with maturity. N availability decreased only slightly with maturity. Variety was the key factor for N degradability characteristics of WCRS since variety accounted for most of the total variation for degradability characteristics. Both ME and MP content and yield were higher (p<0.001) in grain varieties, and they increased (p<0.001) with the maturity. The results clearly demonstrated that the grain type varieties contained higher ME and MP content than forage varieties, and increase in maturity increases both ME and MP content of WCRS.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.160.1-160
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• 2003

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Grassland Science Conference
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• 2003.06a
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• pp.160.2-161
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• 2003

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2010

Few management studies have been conducted on late planting date for corn silage in paddy field as a barley-corn forage cropping system. Experiments were conducted during 2007 and 2008 at the Chungnam Agricultural Research & Extension Services. The objectives of this study were to determine relationships between planting date and com forage yield and to determine the best hybrid at the delayed planting after whole crop barley's harvest. The treatments consisted of 2 planting dates and 7 hybrids. Delayed planting considerately reduced stem diameter, individual ear size and weight. The ratio of dried leaf and culm in aerial plants was increased and that of ear was decreased. The coefficient of variation in fresh, dry matter (DM) and total digestible nutrients (TDN) yield was higher at delayed planting date on cropping system with whole crop barley than that of planting at optimum season. So, fresh weight was reduced by 91.8%, dry matter by 72.6%, grain yield by 51.0% and TDN yield by 68.1%. The appropriate hybrid for delayed planting after whole crop barley harvest in middle region was 'Gangdaok' as lower in the reduction of ear size and weight compared to that of planting at optimum season. Reduction in grain yield caused to decrease the DM and TDN yields. Therefore, to gain stable dry matter in silage corn by delayed planting date on cropping system with whole crop barley was necessary to select com hybrid on the minimum reduction in ear size and weight.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2007

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of growth stage and variety on the yield and quality of whole crop rice (WCR) at National Livestock Research Institute, RDA from 2003 to 2005. Two types of rice ("Chucheong" for food and "Hamasari" for feed) were harvested at six different growth stages (heading, flowering, milk, dough, yellow ripening and fully ripening stage). Crude protein content decreased with progressed maturity at harvest. As growth stage delayed, TDN (total digestible nutrient) content of all rice varieties increased. The average TDN content of two type of rice was about 60% (59.3) which was calculated from ADF(acid detergent fiber) content. The contents of ADF and NDF(neutral detergent fiber) decreased with harvest maturity. The highest DM(dry matter) yield was at the ripening stage (p<0.05) and "Chucheong" gave higher yields than for "Hamasari". In this experiment, the DM yield of all varieties was low. The yield of TDN followed a similar trend to DM yield. According to this results that dough to yellow ripening stage of harvest maturity will be recommendable as proper harvest time for whole crop rice silage.