• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.576-583
• /
• 2009

G protein-coupled receptor 43 (GPR43) is a newly-discovered short-chain free fatty acid receptor and its functions remain to be defined. The objective of this study was to investigate the function of GPR43 on lipolysis. We successfully cloned the GPR43 gene from the pig (EU122439), and measured the level of GPR43 mRNA in different tissues and primary pig adipocytes. The expression level of GPR43 mRNA was higher in adipose tissue and increased gradually with adipocyte differentiation. Then we examined GPR43 mRNA level in different types, growth-stages and various regions of adipose tissue of pigs. The results showed that the expression level of GPR43 mRNA was significantly higher in adipose tissue of obese pigs than in lean pigs, and the expression level also gradually increased as age increased. We further found that the abundance of GPR43 mRNA level increased more in subcutaneous fat than visceral fat. Thereafter, we studied the correlation between GPR43 and lipid metabolism-related genes in adipose tissue and primary pig adipocytes. GPR43 gene had significant negative correlation with hormone-sensitive lipase gene (HSL, r = -0.881, p<0.01) and triacylglycerol hydrolase gene (TGH, r = -0.848, p<0.01) in adipose tissue, and had positive correlation with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor $\gamma$ gene ($PPAR_{\gamma}$, r = 0.809, p<0.01) and lipoprotein lipase gene (LPL, r = 0.847, p<0.01) in adipocytes. In addition, we fed different concentrations of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) to mice, and analyzed expression level changes of GPR43, HSL and TGH in adipose. The results showed that DHA down-regulated GPR43 and up-regulated HSL and TGH mRNA levels; GPR43 also had significant negative correlation with HSL (low: r = -0.762, p<0.01; high: r = -0.838, p<0.01) and TGH (low: r = -0.736, p<0.01; high: r = -0.586, p<0.01). Our results suggested that GPR43 is a potential factor which regulates lipolysis in adipose tissue, and DHA as a receptor of GPR43 might promote lipolysis through down-regulating the expression of GPR43 mRNA.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.28 no.6
• /
• pp.796-806
• /
• 2015

To evaluate the effects of feeding linseed oil or/and sunflower oil mixed with fish oil on milk yield, milk composition and fatty acid (FA) profiles of dairy cows fed a high-concentrate diet, 24 crossbred primiparous lactating dairy cows in early lactation were assigned to a completely randomized design experiment. All cows were fed a high-concentrate basal diet and 0.38 kg dry matter (DM) molasses per day. Treatments were composed of a basal diet without oil supplement (Control), or diets of (DM basis) 3% linseed and fish oils (1:1, w/w, LSO-FO), or 3% sunflower and fish oils (1:1, w/w, SFO-FO), or 3% mixture (1:1:1, w/w) of linseed, sunflower, and fish oils (MIX-O). The animals fed SFO-FO had a 13.12% decrease in total dry matter intake compared with the control diet (p<0.05). No significant change was detected for milk yield; however, the animals fed the diet supplemented with SFO-FO showed a depressed milk fat yield and concentration by 35.42% and 27.20%, respectively, compared to those fed the control diet (p<0.05). Milk c9, t11-conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) proportion increased by 198.11% in the LSO-FO group relative to the control group (p<0.01). Milk C18:3n-3 (ALA) proportion was enhanced by 227.27% supplementing with LSO-FO relative to the control group (p<0.01). The proportions of milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) were significantly increased (p<0.01) in the cows fed LSO-FO (0.38%) and MIX-O (0.23%) compared to the control group (0.01%). Dietary inclusion of LSO-FO mainly increased milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), whereas feeding MIX-O improved preformed FA and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). While the lowest n-6/n-3 ratio was found in the LSO-FO, the decreased atherogenecity index (AI) and thrombogenicity index (TI) seemed to be more extent in the MIX-O. Therefore, to maximize milk c9, t11-CLA, ALA, DHA, and n-3 PUFA and to minimize milk n-6/n-3 ratio, AI and TI, an ideal supplement would appear to be either LSO-FO or MIX-O.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.13 no.3
• /
• pp.15-24
• /
• 1996

Essentiality was proposed in the field of lipid by Burr and Burr in 1929. When rats were raised on the fat-free diet, their growth retarded and their skin and tails showed the characteristic deficient symptoms, which were relieved by the addition of ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids as linoleic(LA) and arachidonic(AA) acids to the basal diet. LA is dehydrogenated to ${\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(GLNA) by ${\Delta}6$ desaturase, then GLNA is 2 carbon chain elongated by elongase to $dihomo-{\gamma}-linolenic$ acid(DGLNA), which is desaturated by ${\Delta}5$ desaturase to AA. These acids are called LA family or ${\omega}6(n-6)$ polyunsaturated fatty acids(PUFA). ${\alpha}-Linolenic$ acid(ALNA) is converted through the series of desaturation and elongation steps to docosahexaenic acid(DHA) via eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA). These acids belong to ALNA family or ${\omega}3(n-3)$PUFA. Human who consume large amounts of EPA and DHA, which are present in fatty fish and fish oils, have increased levels of these two fatty acids in their plasma and tissue lipids at the expense of LA and AA. Alternately, vegetarians, whose intake of LA in high, have more elevated levels of LA and AA and lower levels of EPA and DHA in plasma lipids and in cell membranes than omnivores. AA and EPA are metabolized to substances called eicosanoids. Those derived form AA are known as prostanocids(prostaglandins and prostacyclins) of the 2-types and leukotrienes of the 4-series, whereas those derived from EPA are known as prostanoids of the 3-types and leukotrienes of the 5-series. DGLNA is a precursor of the 1-types of prostaglandins. The metabolites of AA and EPA have competitive functions. Ingestion of EPA from fish or fish oil replaces AA from membrane phospholipids in practically all cells. So this leads to a more physiological state characterized by the production of proatanoids and leukotrienes that have antithrombic, antichemotactic, antivasoconstrictive and antiinflammatory properties. It is evident that ${\omega}3$ fatty acids can affect a number of chronic diseases through eicosanoids alone.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.467-473
• /
• 2016

Several of our recent studies have focused on mass production of the marine Cladoceran Diaphanosoma celebensis, which can serve as a feed substitute for Artemia nauplii in the culture of larval marine fish. We compared the growth and survival rates of tiger puffer Takifugu rubripes fed D. celebensis with those fed Artemia. The group fed D. celebensis showed an increase in growth from 0.10 g to 1.78 g, while the group fed enriched Artemia had a growth from 0.10 g to 0.92 g. The survival rate of fish fed D. celebensis was 86.7% while that of fish fed enriched Artemia was 51.1%, indicating that the former group was superior to the latter both in growth and survival rate. Fatty acid analysis revealed that D. celebensis fed Nannochloropsis oculata and Schizochytrium sp. had an eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content of 16.42% and a docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content of 3.93%. Meanwhile, juvenile tiger puffer fed D. celebensis had an EPA content of 9.12% and a DHA content of 10.69%. Juvenile tiger puffer fed D. celebensis had a similar n-3 highly unsaturated fatty acid content to that of tiger puffer fed enriched Artemia which had an EPA content of 5.82% and a DHA content of 15.90%, indicating that no additional enrichment was required.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.26 no.11
• /
• pp.1908-1917
• /
• 2016

Wild strain L-6 was subjected to combined mutagenesis, including UV irradiation, atmospheric and room temperature plasma, and ion beam implantation, to increase the yield of 1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA). With application of a high-throughput screening method, mutant Gluconobacter oxydans I-2-239 with a DHA productivity of 103.5 g/l in flask-shake fermentation was finally obtained with the starting glycerol concentration of 120 g/l, which was 115.7% higher than the wild strain. The cultivation time also decreased from 54 h to 36 h. Compared with the wild strain, a dramatic increase in enzyme activity was observed for the mutant strain, although the increase in biomass was limited. DNA and amino acid sequence alignment revealed 11 nucleotide substitutions and 10 amino acid substitutions between the sldAB of strains L-6 and I-2-239. Simulation of the 3-D structure and prediction of active site residues and PQQ binding site residues suggested that these mutations were mainly related to PQQ binding, which was speculated to be favorable for the catalyzing capacity of glycerol dehydrogenase. RT-qPCR assay indicated that the transcription levels of sldA and sldB in the mutant strain were respectively 4.8-fold and 5.4-fold higher than that in the wild strain, suggesting another possible reason for the increased DHA productivity of the mutant strain.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.942-948
• /
• 2006

This study was performed to determine whether the length of the feeding of the controlled experimental diet to the dam resulted in changes to the dam milk or pup brain fatty acid composition. As a first method, females have been obtained at 3 weeks of age and fed the experimental diet throughout their growth to adulthood including mating, pregnancy, and lactational periods. As a second method, in order to shorten this long and expensive process, time-pregnant dams were obtained as early as possible from a commercial supplier, on day 3 of gestation, and immediately switched to the experimental diet. At birth, the milk of dams prepared by these two different methods was compared by collecting the stomach contents of the pups. This showed a slight increase in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (AA) in the pup stomach contents from the time-pregnant dams. There were no significant changes in the brain fatty acid composition of pups between the two different lengths of the experimental diet intake. By the 10 days of age, there were only minor differences in the milk fatty acid composition of pup stomach contents from the two sets of dams. However, the pup brains of the time-pregnant groups at 10 days showed increased AA and DHA due to intake of the chow diet including AA, DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA). Thus, the history of the maternal feeding could affect the results under these particular circumstances, but the differences were minimal.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
• /
• 2002.11a
• /
• pp.92-93
• /
• 2002

In order to study the effect of krill meal on the performance of layer, egg production, feed efficiency, and astaxanthin levels and fatty acid composition in egg yolk was investigated. During 12 weeks of experimental feeding period, dietary krill did not affected the performance of layer. The bird fed krill diet showed a decreased trend of feed consumption. Egg Yolk from birds fed the krill diet contained more astaxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid(C20：5) and docosahexaenoic acid (C22：6). The results indicated the further research may be required on the reasons for the decreased feed intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.66-71
• /
• 2002

We investigated the effect of fish oil (FOS) on growth performance, ruminal metabolism and fatty acid composition and physical characteristics of longissimus muscle in 10 steers and 10 bulls of Korean cattle. Concentrates diet was supplemented with FOS at 5% of the diet. FOS contained 3.34% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and 24.87% docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) of total fatty acids by weight. Average daily weight gain and feed efficiency were not affected (p>0.871) by FOS, but feed intake was decreased. FOS had lower (p<0.003) pH and higher (p<0.001) $NH_3$-N than that of control. There was a treatment effect (p<0.001) for serum cholesterol concentrations. FOS increased (p<0.009) concentrations of n-3 fatty acids, including linolenic, EPA and DHA in longissimus muscle. Physical traits were significantly (p<0.015) changed by feeding FOS except for pH and lightness (L). We concluded that the fatty acid composition and physical properties of the muscle in fattening Korean cattle can be altered by feeding 5% FOS.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.49 no.1
• /
• pp.30-37
• /
• 2016

Microalgae are functional foods because they contain special anti-aging inhibitors and other functional components, such as ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Many of these functional dietary components are absent in animals and terrestrial plants. Thus, microalgae are widely utilized in human functional foods and in the feed provided to farmed fish and terrestrial livestock. Many marine organisms consume microalgae, often because they are in an appropriate portion of the cell size spectrum, but also because of their nutritional content. The nutritional requirements of marine organisms differ from those of terrestrial animals. After hatching, marine animals need small live forage species that have high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, including EPA and DHA. Euglena cells have both plant and animal characteristics; they are motile, elliptical in shape, 15-500 μm in diameter, and have a valuable nutritional content. Mixotrophic cell cultivation provided the best growth rates and nutritional content. Diverse carbon (fructose, lactose, glucose, maltose and sucrose) and nitrogen (tryptone, peptone, yeast extract, urea and sodium glutamate) supported the growth of microalgae with high lipid contents. We found that the best carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of high quality Euglena cells were glucose (10 g L^–1) and sodium glutamate (1.0 g L^–1), respectively.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.65-73
• /
• 2021

It is very important to control the inflammation of the skin because it can develop into diseases such as atopy as well as scarring and aging. In this work, we recently identified the in vitro synthesis of specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) known to control inflammation in the human body and the applicability of cosmetics. Using recombinant protein of lipoxygenase from Glycine max, we succeeded to prepare mixtures of mono- or di-hydroxy DHA named as S-SPMs and used them for in vitro efficacy test. To investigate anti-inflammatory effect of S-SPMs, mRNA level of TNF-α and IL-6 were analyzed. Under UVB exposed condition, expression of both were decreased by S-SPMs treatment. And we observed reduced production of nitric oxide (NO) by S-SPMs application under the condition with diesel particulate matter (DPM). At the same experimental condition, malondialdehyde (MDA) production was decreased by S-SPMs, indicating the inhibitory effect of S-SPMs in lipid peroxidation. In addition, S-SPMs treatment resulted in reduction of matrix metalloproteinases-1 (MMP-1) expression and elevation of procollagen type I synthesis. Together with this, mRNA level of filaggrin and loricrin were increased by S-SPMs, indicating enhancement of skin barrier function. These results demonstrate that S-SPMs is a good candidate to develop as a cosmetic ingredient for anti-inflammation, anti-wrinkle, and improvement of skin barrier function.