• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.97-101
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• 1968

Effects of weather factors on leaf tobacco yield were studied from the yield data of flue-cured yellow tobacco variety Yellow pryer and weather recordes for 13 years from 1952 to 1964. The results are summarized as follows; 1. Leaf tobacco yield variation was large and larger coefficient of variance was calculated. 2. Yield of leaf tobacco was correlated largely to leaf number, with simple correlation coefficient r=0.736. Leaf number was correlated largely to sunshine hours during May with r=0.745, and multiple correlation coefficient R=0.837 between leaf number and multiple weather factors during May to June. 3. Leaf tobacco yield was largely affected by the sunshine hours (r=0.717) and temperature (r=0.329) in May and precipitation (r=0.421) in June. 4. From the study of partial regression of leaf tobacco yield on weather factors a formulation Y=441.664-31.255$X_1$+1.19$Y_2$-0.031$X_3$ was calculated for the estimation of leaf tobacco yield. Here R=0.8074 d.f.=7 was significant.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.595-606
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• 2010

A total 221 samples of the retailed foods collected from 2004 to 2007 was examined to estimate the level of dioxins(29 congeners) by the isotopic dilution method, and the exposure of population of Korean to dietary of dioxins was performed. Dioxins levels were calculated using TEF values established in 1998 and 2005, respectively. The average levels (pg TEQ/g) were less than 0.01 for polished rice, 0.04 (poultry)-0.13 (beef) for meats, 0.04 (milk)-0.05(cheese) for milk and dairy products, 0.13 for egg (york, only) and 0.11 (alaska pollack)-1.35 (pacific mackerel) for fishes. The estimated daily intake of Korean through foods was 0.47 pg TEQ/kg bw/day, and it was estimated as about 11% to tolerable daily intake (TDI; 4 pg TEQ/kg bw/day) of Korea and Japan. Consequently, it was concluded that there was no health risk.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.305-314
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• 2022

Introduction: This clinical trial aimed to evaluate the anesthetic effect of the addition of 2 mg (4 mg/ml) of dexamethasone to 2% lidocaine (plain or with 1:80,000 epinephrine). The solutions were injected for a primary inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) to provide mandibular anesthesia for the endodontic treatment of mandibular molars with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Methods: In a double-blinded setup, 124 patients randomly received either of the following injections: 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine, 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine mixed with 2 mg dexamethasone, or plain 2% lidocaine mixed with 2 mg dexamethasone, which were injected as a primary IANB. Ten minutes after injection, patients with profound lip numbness underwent electric and thermal pulp sensibility tests. Patients who responded positively to the tests were categorized as "failed" anesthesia and received supplemental anesthesia. The remaining patients underwent endodontic treatment using a rubber dam. Anesthetic success was defined as "no pain or faint/weak/mild pain" during endodontic access preparation and instrumentation (HP visual analog scale score < 55 mm). The effect of the anesthetic solutions on the maximum change in heart rate was also evaluated. The Pearson chi-square test at 5% and 1% significance was used to analyze anesthetic success rates. Results: The 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine, 2% lidocaine with 1:80,000 epinephrine mixed with 2 mg dexamethasone, and plain 2% lidocaine mixed with 2 mg dexamethasone groups had anesthetic success rates of 34%, 59%, and 29%, respectively. The addition of dexamethasone resulted in significantly better results (P < 0.001, 𝛘² = 9.07, df = 2). Conclusions: The addition of dexamethasone to 2% lidocaine with epinephrine, administered as an IANB, can improve the anesthetic success rates during the endodontic management of symptomatic mandibular molars with irreversible pulpitis.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.16.1-16.10
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• 2020

This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L₅₀) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL^2.93 for females and TW = 0.018TL^2.87 for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (C_F) was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of C_F in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ²= 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 1998

In March 1997, a new rhabdovirus was isolated from moribund cultured Japanese flounder Paralichthys olivaceus in sea water tank and cage culture systems in Kyung-Nam and Chun-Nam province, Korea. At temperature $15^{\circ}C$ the virus replicated and induced cytopathic effects (CPE), which progressed to eventual cytolysis, in susceptible cell lines, including RTG-2 and EPC. The CHES-214 cell line was refractory. Virus particles were bullet-shaped and measured $70nm{\times}100$ to 150 nm in size. The isolate was sensitive to pH 3, to diethyl ether, and to heat ($50^{\circ}C$ 5 min, $60^{\circ}C$ 1 min). Viral replication was not inhibited by $10^{-4}$ M 5-iododeoxyuridine. Virus infectivity was reduced by anti-HRV (8401-H) rabbit serum, but can not reduced by antisera against infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV), chum salmon reovirus (CSV), retrovirus of salmonid (RVS) and infectious pancreatic necrosis virus (IPNV). HRV virus antigen was detected by fluorescent antibody test (FAT) in the cytoplasm of infected EPC cell. Purified isolates virions were composed of: polymerase (L), glycoprotein (G), nucleoprotein (N) and 2 matrix proteins (M1 and M2). Based upon their relative mobilities, the estimated molecular weights of the proteins were: L, 160 kDa; G, 55 kDa; N, 45 kDa; M1, 26 kDa; and M2, 22 kDa.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.298-331
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• 1996

Recent improvements in living standard and development in medical care led to an increased interest in life expectancy and personal health, and also led to a more demand for higher quality of life. Thus, the problem of women's health draw a fresh interest nowadays. Since late-middle aged women experience various physical and socio-psychological changes and tend to have chronic illnesses, these women have to take initiatives for their health control by realizing their own responsibility. The basic elements for a healthy life of these women are understanding of their physical and psychological changes and acceptance of these changes. Health promoting behaviors of an individual or a group are actions toward increasing the level of well-being and self-actualization, and are affected by various variables. In Pender's health promoting model, variables are categorized into cognitive factors(individual perceptions), modifying factors, and variables affecting the likelihood for actions, and the model assumes the health promoting behaviors are affected by cognitive factors which are again affected by demographic factors. Since Pender's model was proposed based on a tool broad conceptual frame, many studies done afterwards have included only a limited number of variables of Pender's model. Furthermore, Pender's model did not precisely explain the possibilities of direct and indirect paths effects. The objectives of this study are to evaluate Pender's model and thus propose a model that explains health promoting behaviors among late-middle aged women in order to facilitate nursing intervention for this group of population. The hypothetical model was developed based on the Pender's health promoting model and the findings from past studies on women's health. Data were collected by self-reported questionnaires from 417 women living in Seoul, between July and November 1994. Questionnaires were developed based on instruments of Walker and others' health promotion lifestyle profile, Wallston and others' multidimensional health locus of control, Maoz's menopausal symptom check list and Speake and others' health self-rating scale. IN addition, items measuring self-efficacy were made by the present author based on past studies. In a pretest, the questionnaire items were reliable with Cronbach's alpha ranging from .786 to .934. The models for health promoting behaviors were tested by using structural equation modelling technique with LISREL 7.20. The results were summarized as follows : 1. The overall fit of the hypothetical model to the data was good (chi-square=4.42, df=5, p=.490, GFI=.995, AGFI=.962, RMSR=.024). 2. Paths of the model were modified by considering both its theoretical implication and statistical significance of the parameter estimates. Compared to the hypothetical model, the revised model has become parsimonious and had a better fit to the data (chi-square =4.55, df=6, p=.602, GFI=.995, AGFI=.967, RMSR=.024). 3. The results of statistical testing were as follows : 1) Family function internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, and education level exerted significant effects on health promoting behaviors(${\gamma}_{43}$=.272, T=3.714; ${\beta}_[41}$=.211, T=2.797; ${\beta}_{42}$=.199, T=2.717; ${\gamma}_{41}$=.136, T=1.986). The effect of economic status, physical menopausal symptoms, and perceived health status on health promoting behavior were insignificant(${\gamma}_{42}$=.095, T=1.456; ${\gamma}_{44}$=.101, T=1.143; ${\gamma}_{43}$=.082, T=.967). 2) Family function had a significance direct effect on internal health locus of control (${\gamma}_{13}$=.307, T=3.784). The direct effect of education level on internal health locus of control was insignificant(${\gamma}_{11}$=-.006, T=-.081). 3) The directs effects of family functions & internal health locus of control on self-efficacy were significant(${\gamma}_{23}$=.208, T=2.607; ${\beta}_{21}$=.191, T=2.2693). But education level and economic status did not exert a significant effect on self-efficacy(${\gamma}_{21}$=.137, T=1.814; ${\beta}_{22}$=.137, T=1.814; ${\gamma}_{22}$=.112, T=1.499). 4) Education level had a direct and positive effect on perceived health status, but physical menopausal symptoms had a negative effect on perceived health status and these effects were all significant(${\gamma}_{31}$=.171, T=2.496; ${\gamma}_{34}$=.524, T=-7.120). Internal health locus and self-efficacy had an insignificant direct effect on perceived health status(${\beta}_{31}$=.028, T=.363; ${\beta}_{32}$=.041, T=.557). 5) All predictive variables of health promoting behaviors explained 51.8% of the total variance in the model. The above findings show that health promoting behaviors are explained by personal, environmental and perceptual factors : family function, internal health locus of control, self-efficacy, and education level had stronger effects on health promoting behaviors than predictors in the model. A significant effect of family function on health promoting behaviors reflects an important role of the Korean late-middle aged women in family relationships. Therefore, health professionals first need to have a proper evaluation of family function in order to reflect the family function style into nursing interventions and development of strategies. These interventions and strategies will enhance internal health locus of control and self-efficacy for promoting health behaviors. Possible strategies include management of health promoting programs, use of a health information booklets, and individual health counseling, which will enhance internal health locus of control and self-efficacy of the late-middle aged women by making them aware of health responsibilities and value for oneself. In this study, an insignificant effect of physical menopausal symptoms and perceived health status on health promoting behaviors implies that they are not motive factors for health promoting behaviors. Further analytic researches are required to clarify the influence of physical menopausal symptoms and perceived health status on health promoting behaviors with-middle aged women.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.1
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• pp.89-96
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• 2014

We aimed to evaluate the effects of climatic elements on potato yield and create a model with climatic elements for estimating the potato yield, using the results of the regional adjustment tests of potato. We used 86 data of the yield data of a potato variety, Sumi, from 17 regions over 11 years. According to the results, the climatic elements showed significant level of correlation coefficient with marketable yield appeared to be almost every climatic elements except wind velocity, which was daily average air temperature (Tave), daily minimum air temperature (Tmin), daily maximum air temperature(Tmax), daily range of air temperature (Tm-m), precipitation (Prec.), relative humidity (R.H.), sunshine hours (S.H.) and days of rain over 0.1 mm (D.R.) depending on the periods of days after planting or before harvest. The correlations between these climatic elements and marketable yield of potato were stepwised using SAS, statistical program, and we selected a model to predict the yield of marketable potato, which was $y=7.820{\times}Tmax_-1-6.315{\times}Prec_-4+128.214{\times}DR_-8+91.762{\times}DR_-3+643.965$. The correlation coefficient between the yield derived from the model and the real yield of marketable yield was 0.588 (DF 85).

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.66-96
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• 2004

This study was intended to describe the hypertensive patient's lifestyle and quality of life by creating a hypothetic model on the lifestyle and quality of life and by examining a causeand effect relationship, and to contribute to countermeasures for practicing their lifestyle and improving the quality of life through creating a predictable model. Exogenous variable($\xi$) of hypothetic model in this study composed of a family support, hypertension knowledge, perceived benefit and toughness. Endogenous variable($\eta$) composed of self-esteem, perceived health state, depression, lifestyle and quality of life. There were 6 measured variables for exogenous variable(x). There were 9 measured variables(y) for endogenous variable. Also, there was error variable ($\delta,\;\epsilon$) of an individual. The survey was conducted for 207 hypertensive parents who received an out-patient service for 3 weeks from September 15, 2003 to October 3, 2003 after diagnosing as hypertension from 2 general hospitals in Daegu. As the conformance of hypothetic model in this study, there were $x^2$= 155.81, standard $x^2$ ($x^2$/df)=2.32, GFI=0.003, NFI=0.971, CFI=0.982, and RMSEA=0.080. Generally, the hypothetic model and actual data were well coincided. The higher the hypertension knowledge was(t=6.030), the higher the perceived benefit was(t=9.429), the higher the toughness was(t=2.783), and the higher the perceived health state was(t=2.282), the higher the lifestyle was. However, the degree of depression (t=-0.038), family support(t=1.161), and self-esteem(t=0.518) was not affected. The higher the family support was(t=10.476), the higher the self-esteem was(t=7.244), the higher the perceived health state was(t=6.996), the lower the degree of depression was(t=-2.044), and the higher the practice degree of lifestyle was(t=3.315), the higher the quality of life was. However, the toughness(t=1.672) didn't have a significant influence on the quality of life. It was modified to increase the model conformance and gain a conscious model As the result of model revision, for the model conformance, there were $x^2$= 118.43, standard $x^2$=1.69, GFI=0.923, NFI=0.976, CFI=0.982, and RMSEA=0.078. As the revised model showed the better conformance than hypothetic model, it seemed to be more suitable model. In the revised model, the perceived benefit(t=9.440) affected the lifestyle in the revised model. Then, the lifestyle was influenced by hypertension knowledge(t=6.139), toughness (t=2.757), family support(t=2.078), perceived health state(t=1.962) in the order. As a factor which affected the quality of life, there were the family support(t=l0.46l), self-esteem(t=7.368), perceived health state(t=6.989), lifestyle(t=3.316), toughness(t=2.584), and depression(t=-1.968) in the order. It showed the significant effect.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2015

The photochemical characteristics were analyzed in the context of sowing time and different levels of fertilized nitrogen during the maize (Zea mays L.) growth. When maize was early sawn, the fluorescence parameters related with electron-transport, in photosystem II (PSII) and PSI, were effectively enhanced with the higher level of fertilized nitrogen. Highest values were observed in maize leaves grown in double N-fertilized plot. The photochemical parameters were declined in the progress of growth stage. In early growth stage, the fluorescence parameters were highest, and then reduced to about half of the parameters related with electron transport on PSII and PSI at middle and late growth stages. In 1/2 N plot, the photochemical energy dissipation was measured to 13% in term of active reaction center per absorbed photon resulting in decrease in performance index and driving force of electron. This decrease induced to lower the photochemical effectiveness. In 2 N plots, the electron transport flux from $Q_A$ to $Q_B$ per cross section and the number of active PSII RCs per cross section were considerably enhanced. It was clearly indicated that the connectivity between photosynthetic PSII and PSI, i.e. electron transport, was far effective.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.39 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2021

Radish is one of the major vegetable crops and has been damaged economically by the causal agent of Fusarium wilt disease, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. raphani (FO) in the highlands of Gangwon province, Korea. Recently, clover cyst nematode, Heterodera trifolii(HT), occurred in highland of Jeongseon area and poses a threat to radish plants. The nematodes, besides causing direct damage to radish plants, possess the capability to synergize with other plant pathogens, leading to the development of a disease complex. The aim of this study was to investigate the interaction between FO and HT in radish plants. The length of plants co-infected with both FO and HT was shorter than that of plants infected with FO alone, but there was no statistically significant difference. However, the disease severity was much higher in the plants co-infected with both FO and HT(1.60±0.97) compared to FO alone(0.20±0.42)(df=3, F=10.17, p<0.001). Disease incidence was also about two-fold higher in plants co-infected with both FO and HT (80%) compared to FO alone (44%). These results suggested that the clover cyst nematode should be considered in the management of Fusarium wilt disease in the highlands of Gangwon province.