• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.97-107
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• 2002

Objective : Acupuncture is a method used to treat many kinds of pain in oriental cultural medicine. Especially when hetero-segmental area acu-points are stimulated, the therapeutic effects of pain control have more critical properties than other methods of acupuncture. However, the mechanism of pain control by acupuncture is contradictory so far. The present study examined the effects of electroacupuncture (EA) applied to the acu-point of the hetero-segmental area on modulation of formalin-induced pain in Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods : In order to apply EA to acu-points in the plantar area of right forepaws, a pair of Teflon-coated stainless steel wires were implanted in HT 7 (Shin-Moon) and PC 7 (Dae-Reung) 7 days before the behavioral test. A behavioral test was performed by means of video camera after injection of 5% formalin ($50{\;}\mu\textrm{l}$) into the lateral plantar region of the left hind paw. EA was delivered by a constant DC current stimulator at 4~5 mA, 2 ms, and 10 Hz for 30 min. c-Fos protein expression was measured in the lumbar spinal cord at 2 hr and 4 hr after formalin injection. Results : Behavioral responses including favoring, flinching and biting occurred in the biphasic pattern, such as the 1st phase (0~5 min) and the 2nd phase (20~45 min) after formalin injection. However, EA (4~5 mA, 2 ms, 10 Hz) significantly inhibited the behavioral responses. Injection of formalin expressed c-Fos protein on the ipsilateral dorsal horn neurons in L3 - L5 and the expression was sustained more than 4 hrs after formalin injection. However, EA decreased c-Fos protein expression at dorsal horn neurons in the lumbar spinal cord till 4hrs after formalin injection. Conclusions : These results suggest that EA modulates formalin-induced pain and this inhibitory action may be elicited by the descending inhibitory system.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Laboratory Science
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.203-208
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• 2015

This study investigated the effect of Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus L.) extract on Blood Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in Streptozotocin (70 mg/kg B.W., i.p.)-induced Diabetic Rats. Sprague-Dawley male rats (200~220 g) were divided into normal control group (NC), diabetic control group (DC) and Jerusalem artichoke treated diabetic group (DJ). Diabetes was induced by single intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin as a dose of 70 mg/kg body weight. Food (p<0.001) and water (p<0.05) intakes were higher in diabetic groups than the normal group. Body weight gain and food efficiency ratio were significantly lower in diabetic groups than normal group (p<0.01). However, they were higher in the DJ group than in the DC group. The serum levels of AST and ALT were significantly lower in the DJ group than in the DC group (p<0.05). The serum level of HDL-C was significantly higher in the DJ group than in the DC group (p<0.001). The serum levels of Triglyceride (p<0.05), LDL-C (p<0.001), and glucose (p<0.001) were significantly lower in the DJ group than in the DC group. At 3 and 4 weeks after the experiment, blood glucose level in the DJ group was significantly lower than the DC group (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results indicated that Jerusalem artichoke can prevent or retard the development of diabetic complications via its beneficial effects for alleviating the hyperglycemia and improved lipid metabolism.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.50-57
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• 2023

This study was designed to evaluate antihyperglycemic and antihyperlipidemic effects of ethanol extracts of Taraxacum mongolicum(T.m.) on streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups: normal (NC), STZ-control (DC), and three experimental groups. Diabetes was induced in Sprague-Dawley rats with a single intravenous injection [45 mg/kg body weight (b.w.)] of STZ. An ethanol extract of T.m. was orally given to diabetic rats for 14 days. Three experimental groups were additionally treated with T.m. extract at doses of 1 g/kg b.w./day for T.m.-1, 2 g/kg b.w./day for T.m.-2, and 3 g/kg b.w./day for T.m.-3. Oral administration of T.m.-2 significantly increased their body weights. T.m.-1 and T.m.-2 significantly decreased aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels than DC. T.m.-1 and T.m.-2 group significantly decreased blood glucose levels. Total cholesterol, triglycerides, and free fatty acids were significantly decreased whereas high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was significantly increased in groups treated with T.m. extract than those in the DC group. These results support the fact that administration of T.m. extract can reduce hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia risk in diabetic rats.

• Proceedings of the KIPE Conference
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• 2013.07a
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• pp.1-2
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• 2013

In this paper, we inject input currents having $3^{rd}$ harmonic to reduce the capacitance of DC link capacitors in single-phase converters. If the input current with third harmonic is injected, the required capacitance can be reduced by minimizing the difference between the input and output power. To control the input current, instead of PI control done in rotating frame, PR controller is used with the proposed separate current control method for fundamental and $3^{rd}$ harmonic components. The validity of the proposed method has been demonstrated by simulation results.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2005

The dietary effect of water extracts of Liriopis tuber(WELT) in the diabetic SD-rats on the level of blood sugar and serum cholesterol was investigated. The experimental plots divided into normal group(N), diabetic control(DC), 5% WELT-group(WELT-I) and 10% WELT-group (WELT-II). Each group was fed for 6 weeks, then continuously fed for 1 more week after streptozotocin injection. The loss of the body weight fed for one week after induction of the diabetes was 2.2～6.3% in the WELT-I and -II groups, but it was 18.6% in the DC-group. There was no significant difference in the feed intakes after diabetes induction between N-group and WELT-group, while it was significantly increased in DC-group. The feed efficiency ratios before diabetes induction were 1.70 in WELT-I group, 1.53～1.59 in the N, DC and WELT-II group, while the ratios after diabetes induction were 0.92 in DC-group, 1.51～1.83 in the N, WELT-I and -II group. While the amounts of water intakes for one week after diabetes induction was 625.4 mL in the DC-group, and it were 364.3～371.1 mL in the WELT-groups showing no significant difference with N-group. The excretion amounts of urine were 431.96 mL in DC-group for one week after diabetes induction, and it was 182～192.84 mL in WELT-groups. The ratios of liver weight against body weight were 2.74% in N-group, 2.93～2.96% in WELT-groups, but it was 4.01% in DC-group. The level of blood glucose in WELT-groups fed for one week after diabetes induction were 136.8～138.6 mg/dL showing no significant difference with N-group, but it was 357.8 mg/dL in DC-group. The level of serum triacylglycerol and serum total cholesterol were 93.8 and 68.7 mg/dL in N-group, 120.1 and 101.6 mg/dL in DC-group, 97.4～100.6 and 60.8～67.7 mg/dL in WELT-groups, respectively, showing no significant difference between N-group and WELT-groups. HDL-cholesterol/total cholesterol ratio were 0.63 in N-group, 0.57～0.67 in WELT -groups, which was significantly higher than that of DC-group(p<0.05). Atherogenic index were 0.58 in N-group, 0.49～0.74 in WELT-groups, but it was 1.32 in DC-group. The above results suggest that the WELT diets may have both preventive and curing effects against the diabetes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.377-386
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary Indongcho(L. japonica Thunb) powder on blood glucose, serum lipid levels and antioxidative enzymes in normal and streptozotocin(STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Four groups of rats(3-week-old inbred Sprague-Dawley male rats) were normal rats fed control diet(NC), diabetic rats fed control diet(DC), normal rats fed Indongcho powder diet(NI), and diabetic rats fed Indongcho powder diet(DI). Diabetes was induced by single injection of streptozotocin(60mg/kg B.W., i.p.). The animals were fed ad libium each of the experimental diet for 5 weeks. Food and water intakes were determined everyday. Blood glucose and serum total cholesterol levels were determined every week. After 5 weeks the animals were sacrificed and activities of antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation products were determined in their liver and kidney homogenates. We also determined serum concentrations of total lipid(TL), total cholesterol(TC), triglycerides(TG) and HDL-cholesterol(HDL-C). Blood sugar and water intake were higher in diabetic group(DC and DI group) than normal group(NC and NI group) and were not significantly decreased by dietary Indongcho intake. Body weight gain and FER(feed efficiency ratio) were reduced by STZ treatment. But, Final body weight was recovered by Indongcho-contained diet. LHR(LDL-cholesterol/HDL-cholesterol) of the DI g re up was significantly lower than the other experimental groups(NC, NI and DC groups). The hepatic glucose 6-phosphatase(G6Pase) activity of the groups fed Indongcho diet(NI and DI group) was lower than the groups fed control diet(NC and DC group) and the G6Pase activity of NI group was recovered to the normal levels(p<0.05). However, The glutathione peroxidase(GPx) and glutathione reductase(GR) activities in liver and G6Pase activity in kidney were not statistically different between the control and diabetic control groups. Renal GST activity of the DI group was recovered by Indongcho intake. In conclusion, these results confirm oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of rats with STZ diabetes and antioxidative effect of Indongcho.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.104-112
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• 2008

Purpose: To assess the toxicity and tumor response induced by $DCVac/IR^{(R)}$ dendritic cell(DC) immunotherapy combined with irradiation for refractory colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases. Materials and Methods: Between May 2004 and November 2006, applicants from a pool of refractory colorectal cancer patients with multiple liver metastases were enrolled. The patients were registered after having signed the informed consent form, which had been approved by the Institutional Review Board from the Dong-A University and Busan National University Hospital. DCs were obtained from peripheral blood of each patient, and then cultured in vitro. A total of $6{\times}10^6$ DCs were packed into a vial($DCVac/IR^{(R)}$, 0.5 ml) at the convenience of each patient's schedule. On the day before and on the day of each vaccination, each patient received a 4 Gy radiation dose to the target tumor. On the day of vaccination, the indicated dose of autologous DCs was injected into the irradiated tumor using ultrasound-guided needle injection procedures. A total of four vaccinations were scheduled at three 2-week intervals and one 4 week interval at the Dong-A University and Busan National University Hospital. If the tumor status was deemed to be stable or responding to therapy, an additional vaccination dose or two was approved at 4 week intervals beyond the fourth immunization. A tolerance test for DCs was conducted by injecting a range of doses($3{\times}10^6\;to\;12{\times}10^6$ DCs) after the 3rd injection. Moreover, the maximal tolerable dose was applied to additional patients. Treatment safety was evaluated in all patients who had at least one injection. Treatment feasibility was evaluated by the 10th week by assessing the response of patients having at least 4 injections. For systemic toxicities, the evaluation was performed using the National Cancer Institute Common Toxicity Criteria, whereas adverse effects were recorded using common WHO toxicity criteria. Results: Of the 24 registered patients, 22 received the DCs injections. Moreover, of the 14 patients that applied for the tolerance test, only 11 patients completed it because 3 patients withdrew their testing agreement. A grade 3 or more side effect, which was possibly related to the DC injection, did not occur in additional patients. The $12{\times}10^6$ DC injection was identified as the maximum tolerable dose, and was then injected in an additional 8 patients. Patients tolerated the injection fairly well, with no fatal side effects. In order to assess the feasibility of DC immunotherapy, the response was evaluated in other hepatic lesions outside of the targeted hepatic lesion. The response evaluation was performed in 15 of the 17 patients who received at least 4 injections. Stable and progressive disease was found in 4 and 11 patients, respectively. Conclusion: The DC-based immunotherapy and radiotherapy is theoretically synergistic for the local control and systemic control. The $DCVac/IR^{(R)}$ immunotherapy combined with irradiation was tolerable and safe in the evaluated cases of refractory colorectal cancer with multiple liver metastases. Future work should include well designed a phase II clinical trials.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.1088-1096
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• 2017

Load variations on a distribution line result in voltage fluctuations at the point of common coupling (PCC). In order to keep the magnitude of the PCC voltage constant at its rated value and obtain zero voltage regulation (ZVR), a D-STATCOM is installed for voltage correction. Moreover, the ZVR mode of a D-STATCOM can also be used to balance the source current during unbalanced loading. For medium voltage and high power applications, a D-STATCOM is realized by the cascaded H-bridge topology. In the ZVR mode, the D-STATCOM may draw unbalanced current and in this process is required to handle different phase powers leading to deviations in the cluster voltages. Zero sequence voltage needs to be injected for ZVR mode, which creates circulating power among the phases of the D-STATCOM. The computed zero sequence voltage and the individual DC capacitor balancing controller help the DC cluster voltage follow the reference voltage. The effectiveness of the control scheme is verified by modeling the system in MATLAB/SIMULINK. The obtained simulations are further validated by the experimental results using a dSPACE DS1106 and five-level D-STATCOM experimental set up.

• KIEE International Transactions on Electrophysics and Applications
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• v.11C no.3
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• pp.70-74
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• 2001

Admittance or impedance spectroscopy is one of the powerful tools to study dielectric relaxation and loss processes in organic and inorganic materials. In this study, the frequency dependent properties of an indium tin oxide/tris(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum($Alq_3$)/aluminum structure have been studied. The conductance of the $Alq_3$ film increases with the DC applied voltage up to 4V and decreases above 4V in the low frequency region. This indicates that the resistance of the device decreases with the applied bias due to the carrier injection enhancement, thereafter the injected carriers form the space charge and the additional injection of carriers is prevented. The Cole-Cole plot of the admittance takes a one-semicircle shape, which means that the device can be modeled as a parallel resistor-capacitor network. The resistance and capacitance were estimated as 8.62k${\Omega}$ and 2.7nF, respectively, at 3V in the low frequency region. The dielectric constant ( ${\epsilon}'$ ) of the $Alq_3$ film is independent of the frequency in the low frequency region below 100kHz, while the frequency dependency was observed at above 100kHz. The dielectric loss factor ( ${\epsilon}"$ ) of the $Alq_3$ film shows the dielectric dispersion below 100kHz and dielectric absorption in higher frequency domain. The dispersion is thought to be related to the hopping process of the carriers. The ${\epsilon}"$ is proportional to the reciprocal of the frequency. The dielectric relaxation time was extracted to about 0.318${\mu}s$ from the dielectric absorption spectrum.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.24-34
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• 2023

Purpose: The prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) continues to increase worldwide, and blood glucose control may reduce mortality from diabetic complications and healthcare costs. Mulberry twig (MT) has been used as a herbal medicine in Asia, and its antidiabetic efficacy has recently been reported, but research in this area is still limited. This study examined the antidiabetic effects of water extracts of MT in diabetic animals. Methods: Six weeks old male ICR mice were divided randomly into three groups; normal control (NC, n = 10), DM control (DC, n = 10), and MT (n = 10). Streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg/day) was injected intraperitoneally into mice in the DC and MT groups for 5 consecutive days. After 10 days of the last STZ injection, the mice in the MT group were administered orally with MT water extracts (5 g/kg body weight) for 16 days. Results: The MT water extracts ameliorated the swelling of the liver in the diabetic mice and reduced the elevated levels of fasting blood and plasma glucose, total cholesterol (T-CHO), low density lipoprotein-CHO, and the ratio of high density lipotrotein (HDL)-CHO/T-CHO. The liver triglyceride (TG) and glycogen contents were also significantly lower in the MT group mice than in the DC group. The small intestine disaccharidase activity was analyzed to understand the therapeutic effects and the mechanism of MT water extracts in diabetic animals. MT group mice showed reduced lactase and sucrase activity in the proximal part of the small intestine. On the other hand, body weight, plasma insulin, TG, HDL-CHO, and hepatic T-CHO levels were similar in the DC and MT groups. Conclusion: These results suggest that MT water extracts have antidiabetic effects and can be developed as a functional source to reduce the postprandial blood glucose or to prevent DM incidence.