• Journal of computational fluids engineering
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.24-32
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• 2008

Environmental test is divided into operation test and storage test. The temperature of storage test is induced temperature which is considered with all sort of the heat source. Induced temperature is the temperature to be adapted to each item and platform and can be induced by computer simulation, laboratory, and real field test. We considered the induced temperature to be associated with solar heat source. In this research. First, we compared the induced temperature which be occurred by one experiment for thin plate in solar test chamber with the other one which be occurred by computer simulation to be SolidWorks 2007 COSMOS FloWorks. After this verification, we showed induced temperature which can be occurred when the test item is stored. Especially, we bring out the induced temperature by applying the ambient temperatures which is presented by MIL-STD-810F and brought out in preceding research.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.197-208
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• 1998

Ground track manintenance maneuver simulations for the KOMPSAT spacecraft are performed for three and half years. Both longitude targeting and time targeting strate-gies are applied for in-plane maneuvers. The nominal longitude bands of maneuvers for $\pm5km$ and $\pm10km$ are applied for the longitude targeting and the 21-day maneuver time duration is used for the time targeting. Daily solar flux values for the simulation period are derived from the previous solar cycle values. Atmospheric drag formula for the KOMPSAT orbit altitude is derived from Jacchia model using polynomial and sinusoidal curve fitting. Total required delta velocity and proper time between successive maneuvers are estimated during ground track maintenance maneuver simulations.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2011

Characteristics of latitude variations of sunspots in the northern and southern hemispheres are investigated using the daily sunspot area and its latitude during the period from 1874 to 2009. Solar magnetic activity is portrayed in the form of sunspot, regions of concentrated fresh magnetic fields observed on the surface of the Sun. By defining center-of-latitude (COL) as an area-weighted latitude, we find that COL is not monotonically decreasing as commonly assumed. In fact, small humps (or short plateaus) between solar minima can be seen around every solar maxima. We also find that when the northern (southern) hemisphere is magnetically dominant, COL is positive (negative), except the solar cycle 23, which may give a hint that these two phenomena are consistently regulated by one single mechanism. As a result of periodicity analysis, we find that several significant periodicities, such as, of ~5.5, ~11, ~49, and ~167 years.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.1503-1510
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• 2014

Breast cancer bone metastasis causing severe morbidity is commonly encountered in daily clinical practice. It causes pain, pathologic fractures, spinal cord and other nerve compression syndromes and life threatening hypercalcemia. Breast cancer metastasizes to bone through complicated steps in which numerous molecules play roles. Metastatic cells disrupt normal bone turnover and create a vicious cycle to which treatment efforts should be directed. Bisphosphonates have been used safely for more than two decades. As a group they delay time to first skeletal related event and reduce pain, but do not prevent development of bone metastasis in patients with no bone metastasis, and also do not prolong survival. The receptor activator for nuclear factor ${\kappa}B$ ligand inhibitor denosumab delays time to first skeletal related event and reduces the skeletal morbidity rate. Radionuclides are another treatment option for bone pain. New targeted therapies and radionuclides are still under investigation. In this review we will focus on mechanisms of bone metastasis and its medical treatment in breast cancer patients.

• Archives of design research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.191-200
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• 2004

After the Industrialism, long-lasting issues about Post-Industrialism have closely been associated with our daily lives. The keyword of Post-Industrialism could be regarded as Immateriality, which is represented by service, Information and knowledge. In the Post-Industrial society, the major role of Post-Industrial design trend is a mediator to deliver the immateriality to users. Additionally, the maturity of technologies and product life cycle have leaded users to the design trend that is free from the technologies and functions of products. In this context, the most powerful trend of the Post-Industrial design could be "metaphor design" and "poetic dimension". The similarity of these two styles is situated in the romanticism -reflection of symbol and metaphor. However, the appearance of Apple's iMac in 1998, poetic dimension, which uses transparent plastic and colourful, pleasurable 'blobjects' has dominated the post-industrial design trend.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.353-371
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• 2022

This paper analyzes death counts after World War II of several countries to identify and to compare their stochastic structures. The stochastic structures that this paper entertains are three structural time series models, a local level with a random walk model, a fixed local linear trend model and a local linear trend model. The structural time series models assume that a time series can be formulated directly with the unobserved components such as trend, slope, seasonal, cycle and daily effect. Random effect of each unobserved component is characterized by its own stochastic structure and a distribution of its irregular component. The structural time series models use the Kalman filter to estimate unknown parameters of a stochastic model, to predict future data, and to do filtering data. This paper identifies the best-fitted stochastic model for three types of death counts (Female, Male and Total) of each country. Two diagnostic procedures are used to check the validity of fitted models. Three criteria, AIC, BIC and SSPE are used to select the best-fitted valid stochastic model for each type of death counts of each country.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.126-129
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• 2021

We present a patient with a primitive neuroectodermal tumor arising from the right atrium who experienced multiple syncope episodes daily, which had first appeared 1 month after surgery. The symptoms continued to worsen over the course of chemotherapy, and the autonomic function test (AFT) was performed after the 14th chemotherapy cycle. The AFT revealed orthostatic hypotension and reduced baroreflex-dependent sympathetic reactivity. Physical counterpressure techniques were applied with a visual biofeedback intervention, and were found to be effective in reducing the syncope episodes.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.93-124
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• 2018

Using the Korean Survey of Household Finances and Living Conditions panel data from 2012~2016, this study analyzed youth (19~34 years) poverty and employment and examined the factors that affect employment status. The analysis revealed an increase in the proportion of young people who are students or jobless; the economic conditions of the young people varied by factors such as marital status, education, job status, and loans; and the government public transfer policy had little impact on reducing the relative poverty rate of the youth. We also examined the factors affecting the youth's employment status and the risk of being employed in low-paid jobs, using multi-logit and logit regression model respectively. Considering employment status, the older and more educated the youth were, the less frequently they were employed in temporary or daily jobs instead of regular ones, but there was no difference between genders in terms of having temporary or daily jobs. A logit analysis on the determinants of low-paid jobs demonstrated that women, the less educated, spouses or children of the household, and temporary or daily workers have a greater probability of working at low-paid jobs. As women became older, their risk of having low-paid jobs increased, which demonstrated the phenomenon of "lock-in" at low-paid jobs. Temporary or daily workers of all age groups faced a higher risk of lowpaid employment, which stood out for the youth. Based on these results, we suggest that government employment and welfare policies should consider individual characteristics of the youth and their life cycle, along with efforts to supply decent jobs, continuously and stably.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.4
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• pp.97-115
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• 2003

Middle and high school girl students' menstruation characteristics, appearance of menstruation dysmenorrhea, and coping with the menstruation dysmenorrhea were examined in order to give information in instructing girl students about menstruation dysmenorrhea, in delivering health education in the school, and establishing health policy. 970 girl students in middle and high schools in Cheju-do were selected and surveyed using the questionnaire the author developed based on the previous studies. The findings are as follows. First, the age of first menstruation was average $12.9{\pm}1.22$ years. The younger they were, the earlier their first menstruation came. The most common menstrual cycle was such one that continuously irregular from the beginning or that regular and irregular cycle run together. The first irregular menstrual cycle changed regular one within 1 or 2 years. Most of the respondents had normal menstrual cycle of $21{\sim}35$ days and menstruation period of $3{\sim}8$ days. Second, symptom of menstruation dysmenorrhea was orderly; hurt in the underbelly, tired, hurt in the waist, and headache. It was higher with high school students than middle school students. For the most part, time of heavy menstruation dysmenorrhea was the 2nd day after menstruation starts and period of menstruation dysmenorrhea was 2 days. More than the half of the respondents felt that the present menstruation dysmenorrhea was similar with the first one and they felt not comport in daily life due to menstruation dysmenorrhea, and 'hard to live a normal life' was higher with the high school girl students than with the middle school students. Third, how to cope with menstruation dysmenorrhea was enough sleep, relax and rest, taking a hot water shower, listening to music or watching a movie, taking medicine, and doing excercise. Few of the respondents have ever visited a doctor due to menstruation dysmenorrhea, and the reason was mostly irregular menstruation and heavy dysmenorrhea. Forth, when they took medicine due to menstruation dysmenorrhea, they gathered information on the medicine from family members and friends, while extremely low from a pharmacist or a doctor. The most of them have ever took medicine during menstruation once and took standard dose. While excess dosage was higher with high school students than with middle school students. From these findings, a good many girls are experiencing menstruation dysmenorrhea since their first menstruation. To discover early the severely abnormal findings and to treat, more interest from home and school, counseling and sexual education on time, and expert's diagnosis are necessary. Rather than unconditionally taking pain-relievers which can plainly solve the pain, continuous health education at home and in the school should be carried on for the girls to practice proper measures one think effective or an expert recommends.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.147-159
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• 1995

This study was conducted to introduce fundamental data of hand-arm vibration and noise exposure levels with impact wrenches(double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches) used in automobile assembly lines considering the process variables and tool variables. In studing, products per day, required time screwing the bolts or nuts per bolts or nut were considered as process variables, and capacity of bolts or nuts, air consumptions per minute, tool weights, RPM were considered as tool variables. Hand-arm vibration levels of 3 axis in each hand were measured using the instruments compling with ISO/DIS 5349 and noise levels were measured using a noise logging dosimeter. The results were as follows : 1. Required time to screwing the bolt or nut by oil-pulse impact wrenches is shorter than double-hammer impact wrenches but total daily exposure time of oil-pulse impact wrenches was higher than double-hammer impact wrenches because the number of bolts or nuts per cycle was many. 2. Oil-pulse impact wrenches have been used to screwing the large bolt or nut in comparing with double-hammer impact wrenches and required time to screwing the bolts or nuts were shorter than double-hammer impact wrenches because oil-pulse impact wrenches were using high RPM and large air consumption per minute. Noise level of oil-pulse impact wrenches was 8 dB(A) lower than double-hammer impact wrenches. 3. Dominant hand-arm vibration levels of double-hammer impact wrenches in each hand were $8.24m/sec^2$ of Zh axis in right hand and $9.60m/sec^2$ of Xh axis in left hand. Dominant hand-arm vibration level of oil-pulse impact wrenches in each hand was $2.59m/sec^2$ of Xh axis in right hand and $3.23m/sec^2$ of Yh axis in left hand. 4. In double-hammer impact wrenches, corresponding hand-arm vibration levels of Xh, Yh, Zh axis in left hand were higher than hand-arm vibration levels of right hand in 3 axis. In oil-pulse impact wrenches, Xh axis of right, Yh axis of left, Zh axis of left were higher than the corresponding hand-arm vibration levels of Xh, Yh, Zh axis in right and left hand. 5. Correlation coefficients among Xh, Yh. Zh axis of right and left hand hand-arm vibration levels in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches were commonly high in Yh axis and correlation coefficients of Yh axis in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches were 0.76 and 0.86,respectively. 6. As a measure repetitiveness, plotting total daily exposure time with the number of bolts or nut per cycle, direct correlation was shown between repetitiveness and hand-arn vibration exposure, and correlation coefficient between the number of bolts or nut per cycle and total daily exposure time in double-hammer impact wrenches, oil-pulse impact wrenches were 0.84 and 0.50, respectively. 7. Considering the total acceleration level and tool variables in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches, air consumption in right hand, and bolt or nut capacity in left hand were commonly the variable that explainability was high. Considering the noise and tool variables in double-hammer impact wrenches and oil-pulse impact wrenches, air consumption per minute was commonly the variable that explainability was high.