• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2023

Hypothyroidism alone can lead to myocardial fibrosis and result in heart failure, but traditional hormone replacement therapy does not improve the fibrotic situation. Hydrogen sulfide (H₂S), a new gas signaling molecule, possesses anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and anti-fibrotic capabilities. Whether H₂S could improve hypothyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis are not yet studied. In our study, H₂S could decrease collagen deposition in the myocardial tissue of rats caused by hypothyroidism. Furthermore, in hypothyroidism-induced rats, we found that H₂S could enhance cystathionine-gamma-lyase (CSE), not cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), protein expressions. Finally, we noticed that H₂S could elevate autophagy levels and inhibit the transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) signal transduction pathway. In conclusion, our experiments not only suggest that H₂S could alleviate hypothyroidism-induced myocardial fibrosis by activating autophagy and suppressing TGF-β1/SMAD family member 2 (Smad 2) signal transduction pathway, but also show that it can be used as a complementary treatment to conventional hormone therapy.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.19-25
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• 2024

Objectives : Jeopgoltang (JGT) is a new Korean herbal medicine formulation that is used to treat bone fractures. Although JGT is frequently used in clinical practice, there is a lack of scientific evidence on its safety. This study aimed to evaluate the preclinical toxicity of JGT using a single oral dose toxicity test in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Methods : Five male and female rats per group were orally administered 1,250, 2,500, or 5,000 mg/kg of JGT after fasting for 12 h. Mortality and changes in clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings were monitored for 14 days according to the guidelines of the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety and Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Results : No significant clinical signs or mortality were observed after a single administration of up to 5,000 mg/kg. In addition, no significant necropsy findings related to JGT administration were observed. Conclusions: In conclusion, these results suggest that approximate Lethal Dose (ALD) of JGT on SD rats is over 5,000 mg/kg.

• Journal of Web Engineering
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• 제14권9호
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• pp.1822-1832
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• 2022

We explored the physiological effects of inhaling basil essential oil (BEO) and/or linalool and identified odor-active aroma compounds in BEO using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and GC-olfactometry (GC-O). Linalool was identified as the major volatile compound in BEO. Three groups of rats were administered BEO and linalool via inhalation, while rats in the control group were not. Inhalation of BEO for 20 min only reduced the total weight gain (190.67 ± 2.52 g) and increased the forced swimming time (47.33 ± 14.84 s) compared with the control group (219.67 ± 2.08 g, 8.33 ± 5.13 s). Inhalation of BEO for 5 min (392 ± 21 beats/min) only reduced the pulse compared with the control group (420 ± 19 beats/min). Inhalation of linalool only reduced the weight of white adipose tissue (5.75 ± 0.61 g). The levels of stress-related hormones were not significantly different among the groups. The total cholesterol and triglyceride levels decreased after inhalation of BEO for 20 min (by more than -10% and -15%, respectively). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels were lowered (by more than -10%) by the inhalation of BEO and linalool, regardless of the inhalation time. In particular, BEO inhalation for 20 min was associated with the lowest level of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (53.94 ± 2.72 mg/dL). High-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels increased after inhalation of BEO (by more than +15%). The atherogenic index and cardiac risk factors were suppressed by BEO inhalation. Animals exposed to BEO and linalool had no significant differences in hepatotoxicity. These data suggest that the inhalation of BEO and linalool may ameliorate cardiovascular and lipid dysfunctions. These effects should be explored further for clinical applications.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.86-95
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• 2013

Objectives: Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with high fat diet, and atherogenic changes were seen in the aorta. However, when Sprague-Dawley rats were fed with a high fat diet and administered Youngyopaedoc-san together, these atherogenic changes were rarely seen. This study was aimed to find the inflammatory marker level changes in Sprague-Dawley rats with Youngyopaedoc-san-related anti-atherogenic effect. Methods: The extract from Youngyopaedoc-san was made by the pharmacy department of Kyung-hee Oriental Medical Hospital. The animals were divided into five groups: normal diet, high fat diet, high fat diet with Youngyopaedoc-san, high fat diet with Vytorin, and high fat diet with Youngyopaedoc-san and Vytorin. A light microscopic image of a cross section taken from the aorta of the Sprague-Dawley rat was analyzed. We compared inflammatory marker levels among the five groups. Results: The complex of Youngyopaedoc-san and Vytorin has more anti-atherogenic effects in the aorta of Sprague-Dawley rats fed with high fat diet than Vytorin alone. Youngyopaedoc-san has inhibitory effect on the increase of IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-2 levels. The difference on eosinophil levels of each group was statistically significant, but the eosinophil level of each group was within normal limits, so the difference on eosinophil levels was not clinically significant. Conclusions: Youngyopaedoc-san-related anti-atherogenic effect could be a result of inhibitory mechanism on IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-2.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.44-50
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고지방식이로 비만을 유도한 암컷 백서에게 태음조위탕과 도담탕을 8주 동안 경구 투여하였을 때 에너지와 포도당 대사에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 태음조위탕은 체중과 복부지방에 지방 축적을 나타내는 mesenteric fat과 retroperitoneal fat 양을 감소시키는 경향은 있었지만 통계적으로 유의한 차이를 나타내지는 않았다. 태음조위탕은 대조군에 비해 식이섭취량을 감소시키는 경향을 나타내었다. 반면에 도담탕은 대조군에 비해 체중과 복부지방을 통계적으로 유의하게 감소시켰으며 이것은 식이 섭취량의 감소에 기인하였다. 에너지 소모량은 고지방식이군과 저지방식이군에 차이가 없었고 태음조위탕과 도담탕도 에너지 소모량에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 그러나 에너지원으로 지방을 사용하는 것은 도담탕이 대조군에 비해 높았다. 고지방식이에서는 체내 인슐린 저항성을 나타내는 $HOMA_{IR}$의 값이 높았고, 도담탕은 이것을 통계적으로 유의적으로 낮추었다. 또한, 간에 저장된 글리코겐양도 도담탕을 섭취한 백서에서 가장 많았고, 반면에 간에 저장된 중성 지방 함량은 가장 낮았다. 결론적으로 고지방을 장기간 투여한 암컷 백서에서 체내 에너지와 포도당 대사에 장애가 나타났으며, 태음조위탕과 도담탕이 모두 이러한 장애를 해소하는 경향이 있었으나 도담탕이 효과적으로 에너지와 포도당 대사를 정상화시켰다. 그러므로 비만인 사람에게서 효과적으로 에너지와 포도당 대사를 정상화시킬 수 있는 지에 대한 인체 실험을 하는 것이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권8호
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• pp.740-749
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• 2009

본 연구는 ultra-fine pulverizer 또는 nano-scale pulverizer로 초미세분쇄시켜 입자크기가 감소된 옥수수전분의 섭취로 인한 생리적 기능성을 탐색한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 각 실험식이군의 식이 섭취량은 UFC군, NAC군은 차이가 없었으며, NSC군에서 유의하게 낮았다. NSC군의 식이 섭취량이 낮았음에도 불구하고 체중증가량이 많아 식이효율은 NSC군에서 가장 높았다. 2) 간, 신장의 무게는 UFC군 > NSC군 > NAC군순으로 높았다. 3) 소장의 무게는 UFC군이 NAC군에 비해 유의하게 높았으며, 소장의 길이는 각 실험군에서 유의적인 차이가 없었으며 맹장의 무게 및 장통과 시간도 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 4) 맹장내 단쇄지방산의 함량은 NSC군이 UFC군이나 NAC군에 비해 유의하게 높아 장내 미생물에 의한 발효가 활성화되고 있었으며 장내 Bifidobacterium 증식도 NSC군이 다른 군에 비해 활발하였다. 5) 소장세포의 증식은 NSC군에서 낮았다. 이상의 결과로 볼때 nano-scale로 입자의 크기가 감소된 옥수수 전분은 소화흡수율을 증가시켜 성장능력을 증진하는 것으로 나타났으며, Bifidobacterium 증식 촉진, 단쇄 지방산 생성을 촉진하는 효과를 갖고 있어 상대적인 영양밀도를 높이는 기능성을 갖고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 장기능이 미숙한 유아기, 장기능이 불완전하거나 미약한 환자, 노인등의 특수목적 영양식의 기본재료로 활용될 수 있음을 제안한다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.31-39
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was performed to analyze the toxicity and to find the lethal dose of the test substance Water-soluble Carthami-flos pharmacopuncture (WCF) when used as a single intravenous-dose in 6-week-old, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Biotoxtech according to Good Laboratory Practices. 20 female and 20 male Spague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of 5 female and 5 male animals per group. The rats in the three experimental groups received single intravenous injections with 0.125-mL, 0.25-mL and 0.5-mL/animal doses of WCF, Groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and the control group, Group 1, received a single intravenous injection with a 0.5-mL dose of normal saline. Clinical signs were observed and body weight measurements were carried out for 14 days following the injections. At the end of the observation period, hematology, clinical chemistry, histopathological tests and necropsy were performed on the injected parts. Results: No deaths occurred in any of the groups. Also, no significant changes in body weight, hematological parameters or clinical chemistry test results between the control group and the experimental groups were observed. Visual inspection after necropsy showed no abnormalities. Histopathological tests on the injected parts showed no significant differences, except for Group 1 females; however, the result was spontaneous generation and had no toxicological meaning because it was not dose-dependent. Therefore, this study showed that WCF had no effect on the injected parts in terms of clinical signs, body weight, hematology, clinical chemistry, and necropsy. Conclusion: As a result of single intravenous-dose tests of the test substance WCF in 4 groups of rats, the lethal dose for both males and females exceeded 0.5 mL/animal. Therefore, WCF is a relatively safe pharmacopuncture that can be used for treatment, but further studies should be performed.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.22-29
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed to analyze the toxicity of the test substance, anti-inflammatory pharmacopuncture (AIP), when used as a single intramuscular-dose in 6-week-old, male and female Sprague-Dawley rats and to find the lethal dose. Methods: The experiment was conducted at Biotoxtech according to Good Laboratory Practices. Twenty (20) female and 20 male Spague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups of five 5 female and 5 male animals per group. The rats in the three experimental groups received single intramuscular injections with 0.1-$m{\ell}$, 0.5-$m{\ell}$ and 1.0-$m{\ell}$/animal doses of AIP, Groups 2, 3, and 4, respectively, and the control group, Group 1, received a single intramuscular injection with a 1.0-$m{\ell}$ dose of normal saline. Clinical signs were observed and body weight measurements were carried out for 14 days following the injections. At the end of the observation period, hematology, clinical chemistry, histopathological tests and necropsy were performed on the injected parts. Results: No deaths occurred in any of the groups. Also, histopathological tests showed that AIP had no effect on the injected parts in terms of clinical signs, body weight, hematology, clinical chemistry, and necropsy. Conclusions: As a result of single intramuscular-dose tests of the test substance AIP in 4 groups of rats, the lethal dose for both males and females exceeded $1.0m{\ell}$/animal. Therefore, AIP is a relatively safe pharmacopuncture that can be used for treatment, but further studies should be performed.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.264-275
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• 2021

Purpose: Periodontitis is considered a local risk factor for medication-related osteonecrosis of the jaws (MRONJ). However, little is known about the progression of periodontitis in the presence of zoledronic acid (ZOL). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the systemic use of ZOL on the progression of experimental periodontitis (EP) in rats, as ZOL could modulate the progression of periodontitis and concomitantly cause MRONJ in individuals with periodontitis. Methods: Forty-eight male Wistar rats were randomly distributed in 6 groups (n=8 each). To induce EP, ligatures were placed around the right first mandibular molars. Three groups were treated with ZOL (0.15 mg/kg/week, intraperitoneal), and 3 with 0.9% saline solution (controls). In the ZOL/Lig30 and ZOL/Lig 15 groups, after 4 weeks of treatment with ZOL, EP was induced and euthanasia was performed after 30 and 15 days of EP induction, respectively. In both groups, the animals continued to receive ZOL after EP until the end of the experiment. In the Lig/ZOL group, EP was induced first, and 15 days later, ZOL was administered for 8 weeks, with euthanasia 1 week after the last dose. After euthanasia, the mandibles were evaluated using micro-computed microtomography (micro-CT) and histomorphometry. Bone loss was measured, and the presence of osteonecrosis was evaluated histologically. The data were evaluated using the Student t-test and the Mann-Whitney test, with a significance level of 5%. Results: In the Lig/ZOL group, micro-CT revealed less alveolar bone resorption in the distal root (P<0.01) than in the control group (Lig/Con). Histomorphometric analysis confirmed less alveolar bone resorption in the Lig/ZOL group (P=0.001). Histologically, osteonecrosis was more common in the ZOL groups. Conclusion: ZOL decreased alveolar bone resorption in rats with EP. However, it presented a higher risk for MRONJ.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.47-58
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• 2019

울금(Curcuma longa L.)이 이상지질혈증 유발 흰쥐의 지질성분과 단백질 및 전해질 농도에 미치는 영향을 확인하기 위하여 기본 식이를 섭취시킨 ND군, 정상 실험군에 5% 울금 급여군(NT군), 이상지질혈증 유발 실험군(DD군)과 DD군에 5% 울금을 섭취시킨 실험군(DT군)으로 나누어 실험을 행하였다. 혈청 지질성분(총 콜레스테롤, LDL-콜레스테롤, 중성지질, 인지질, 유리 콜레스테롤, 콜레스테롤 에스테르), 혈당 및 유리지방산(non esterified fatty acid, NEFA)의 농도와 동맥경화지수(atherosclerotic index, AI), 심혈관 위험지수(cardiac risk factor, CRF)는 이상지질혈증군에서 여타 실험군과 비교하였을 때 유의적인 증가를 나타내었으며(p<0.05), 5% 울금 급여군에서 감소시키는 것으로 나타났다. DD군에 비해 DT군에서 고밀도 지단백 콜레스테롤(high density lipoprotein-cholesterol, HDL-콜레스테롤) 및 총 콜레스테롤에 대한 HDL-콜레스테롤 농도 비는 유의적인 증가를 보였다(p<0.05). 혈청 단백질의 농도에 있어서, DT군은 DD군에 비하여 흰쥐의 혈청 알부민(albumin) 농도와 알부민/글로불린 비(albumin/globulin ratio, A/G 비)의 증가 및 글로불린(globulin) 농도는 감소되는 것으로 관찰되었다. 나트륨(Na) 및 염소(Cl)는 DT군에서 DD군 보다 농도가 감소된 것으로 확인하였다. 이상의 결과, 5% 울금은 흰쥐의 혈청 지질성분 개선과 단백질 및 전해질 농도 조절에 도움이 되는 것으로 사료된다.