• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.301-307
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• 2011

Purpose: If the tooth structure is damaged, then it is impossible to regenerate the tooth. The materials used to restore the tooth structure are not related to the composition of the tooth. The materials used to restore the structure can't replace the natural tooth because they just fill the defective structure. Calcium phosphate cement remineralizes the dentin and almost replaces the natural tooth, but there are some disadvantages. We conducted basic tests with Biomimetic CPC (Bio-CPC) to make sure of the possibility of the biomaterial to remineralize the defective tooth structure. Methods: In this study, the bioactivity and biocompatibility of Bio-CPC were evaluated for its potential value as the bio-material for regeneration of damaged tooth structure by conducting a cell toxicity assay (WST-1 assay), a cytokinesis-block micronucleus assay, a chromosomal aberration test, total RNA extraction and RT-PCR on MDPC-23 mouse odontoblast-like cells. Results: The in vitro cytotoxicity test showed that the Bio-CPC was fairly cytocompatible for the MDPC-23 mouse odontoblast-like cells. Conclusion: Bio-CPC has a possibility to be a new biomaterial and further study of Bio-CPC is needed.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.29-44
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• 2010

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Gentianae Radix on neurogenesis and apoptosis in ethanol- induced newborn rats hippocampus dentate gyrus. Methods : In vivo, laboratory animals were divided into three groups; Normal group(N), Control group(C) and Treated group (TG)(n=7 for each group). N were treated saline daily for five days. C were treated 1.5 g/kg ethanol and saline daily for five days. TG were treated 1.5 g/kg ethanol and 300 mg/kg Gentianae Radix daily for five days. BrdU(5-bromo-2-deoxyuridine) assay was used to test neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. And TUNEL(Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling) assay was used to test apoptosis in the dentate gyrus. Three groups were measured body weight, serum ethanol concentration, BrdU-positive cells and TUNEL-positive cells in the dentate gyrus. In vitro, MTT(3-(4,5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay was used to test viability in SK-N-MC cells. BrdU assay was used to test neurogenesis in SK-N-MC cells. DNA fragmentation and caspase-3 enzyme activity assay were used to test apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. And treated ethanol and Gentianae Radix of all in vitro tests were made various concentration. Results : In vivo, Gentianae Radix modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in newborn rats hippocampus dentate gyrus. In vitro, TG 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ have significantly modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells. And only TG 100 ${\mu}g/ml$ have significantly protected SK-N-MC cells from ethanol-induced cytotoxicity. Conclusions : Gentianae Radix may have the effect that modulated ethanol-induced neurogenesis and apoptosis in SK-N-MC cells.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.415-421
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• 2016

The drug-resistance of malaria parasites is the main problem in the disease control. The huge Brazilian biodiversity promotes the search for new compounds, where the animal kingdom is proving to be a promising source of bioactive compounds. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activity of the compounds obtained from the toad venoms of Brazilian Amazon. Toad venoms were collected from the secretion of Rhinella marina and Rhaebo guttatus in Mato Grosso State, Brazil. The powder was extracted at room temperature, yielding 2 extracts (RG and RM) and a substance ('1') identified as a bufadienolide, named telocinobufagin. Growth inhibition, intraerythrocytic development, and parasite morphology were evaluated in culture by microscopic observations of Giemsa-stained thin blood films. Cytotoxicity was determined against HepG2 and BGM cells by MTT and neutral red assays. The 2 extracts and the pure substance ('1') tested were active against chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum strain, demonstrating lower $IC_{50}$ values. In cytotoxic tests, the 2 extracts and substance '1' showed pronounced lethal effects on chloroquine-resistant P. faciparum strain and low cytotoxic effect, highlighting toad parotoid gland secretions as a promising source of novel lead antiplasmodial compounds.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.25-32
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• 1993

Many plants, which collected from Korea, were applied to antitumor and cytotoxic screeing tests against sarcom 180 a ascitec in mice, V-79 KB and P388 cultured cells. The results are summarixed as follows:1) The total packed cell volum method has been used for the antineoplastic screening for from natural higher plants in Korea. By this method, we have found out that the root, leaf and stem of Tripterygiu, regelii Spragne & Taketa having strong antineoplastic activity and also Rumex Japonicus Houtt. Eragrositis ferru-ginea Beauv. and Patrinia scabio-saefolia Fischer showed significant activity to anticancer tumor while cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley, and Rosa polyantha Sieb. et Zacc. showed slight activity to antitumor. 2) Among the 13 tested plants, the root and stem of Tripterygium regelii Spragne & Taketa and Amethystanthus excisus Nakai showed strong antitumor activity by the V79 cytotoxic cell screening test. 3) Twelve plants, which are glowing in mountainous area of Korea tested to anticancer activity. From the results, Eragrositis ferru-ginea Beauv., Angelica gigas Nakai, Geranium sibiricum L., Patrinia scabio-saefolia Fisher, Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley, and Rubia akane Nakai have been proved to be anti-cancer plants by using P388 cell cultured method. 4) Tripterygiu, resgelii Spragne & Taketa, Eragrositis ferru-ginea Beauv., Patrinia scabio-saefoli Fisher, Cynanchum wilfordii Hemsley and Rasa polyantha Sieb. et Zacc., var. genuina Thunb. showed strong anti-tumor activity both total packed cell volume method and Cytotoxicity method.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.168-177
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• 1986

Bioassay-directed isolation has yielded some cytotoxic substances against L1210 cell from the Korean traditional medicine. These include 5,2'-dihydroxy-6,7,8,6'-teramethoxyflavone $(IV,\;scutellaria\;root,\;ED_{50}\;=\;1.7\;{mu}g/ml)$, 7-geranyloxycoumarin $(XXXII,\;poncirus\;fruit,\;10.2\;{mu}g/ml) $and panaxydol $(I,\;white\;ginseng,\;0.03\;{mu}g/ml)$. IV, XXXII and their derivatives were synthesized in the purpose of in vivo tests and for observation of structure-activity relations. Among the flavone derivatives, 5,2',6'-trihydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy flavone (XVIII), 5-hydroxy-6,7,8-trimethoxy-6'-benzyloxyflavone (XVII) and 5,8-dihydroxy-6,7-dimethoxyflavone (X) showed the cytotoxicity which has no correlation to the flavone structures. Of the coumarins synthesized, 7,8-dihydroxycoumarin (XXVI), 6-7-dihydroxycoumarin (XXIX) and 6-hydroxy-5,7-dimethoxycoumarin (XXXI) showed considerable activities. Acetylated XXXI has moderate activity $(ED_{50}=17.2\;{mu}g/ml)$. Monobydroxycoumarins or their methyl and allyl ether were inactive. IV inhibits the growth of the solid form of S-180 by 70% at 40 mg/kg and shows T/C of 166% on the ascitic S-180 at 40 mg/kg. It strongly inhibits the activity of the membrane bounded ATPase from L1210 cell. The most cytotoxic fraction of the antitumor materials studied is the one from the trichosanthes root showing $ED_{50}=0. 0003\;{mu}g/ml$ against L1210 cell. This fraction, obtained from ethyl acetate extract, showed T/C of 130 and 135%, on ICR mice bearing S-180 and $BDF_1$ mice bearing L1210 at 10 mg/kg and 7.5 mg/kg, respectively.

• Macromolecular Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.99-103
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• 2009

We evaluated the efficacy of pH-sensitive micelles, formed by methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly($\beta$)-amino ester) (PEG-PAE), as carriers for paclitaxel (PIX), a drug currently used to treat various cancers. PTX was successful encapsulated by a film hydration method. Micelles encapsulated more than 70% of the PTX and the size of the PTX-encapsulated micelles (PTX-PM) was less than 150 nm. In vitro experiments indicated that the micelles were unstable below pH 6.5. After encapsulation of PTX within the micelles, dynamic light scattering (DLS) studies indicated that low pH had a similar demicellization effect. An in vitro release study indicated that PTX was slowly released at pH 7.4 (normal body conditions) but rapidly released under weakly acidic conditions (pH 6.0). We demonstrated the safety of micelles from in vitro cytotoxicity tests on HeLa cells and the in vivo anti-tumor activity of PTX-PM in B16F 10 tumor-bearing mice. We concluded that these pH-sensitive micelles have potential as carriers for anti-cancer drugs.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 2017

Metal nanoparticles have been intensively studied within the past decade. Nano-sized materials have been an important subject in basic and applied sciences. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their unique antibacterial, antifungal, and UV filtering properties, high catalytic and photochemical activity. In this study, microbiological aspects of scale formation in PVC pipelines bacteria and fungi were isolated. In the emerging issue of increased multi-resistant properties in water borne pathogens, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle are being used increasingly as antimicrobial agents. Thus, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungal concentration of ZnO nanoparticles towards pathogens microbe were examined in this study. The results obtained suggested that ZnO nanoparticles exhibit a good anti fungal activity than bactericidal effect towards all pathogens tested in in-vitro disc diffusion method (170 ppm, 100 ppm and 30 ppm). ZnO nanoparticles can be a potential antimicrobial agent due to its low cost of production and high effectiveness in antimicrobial properties, which may find wide applications in various industries to address safety issues. Stable ZnO nanoparticles were prepared and their shape and size distribution characterized by Dynamic light scattering (35.7 nm) and transmission electron microscopic TEM study for morphology identification (20 nm), UV-visible spectroscopy (230 nm), X-ray diffraction (FWHM of more intense peak corresponding to 101 planes located at $36.33^{\circ}$ using Scherrer's formula), FT-IR (Amines, Alcohols, Carbonyl and Nitrate ions), Zeta potential (-28.8). The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated against Bacteria and Fungi present in drinking water PVC pipelines biofilm. In these tests, Muller Hinton agar plates were used and ZnO nanoparticles of various concentrations were supplemented in solid medium.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.393-402
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• 2019

Aurora kinases inhibitors, including ZM447439 (ZM), which suppress cell division, have attracted a great deal of attention as potential novel anti-cancer drugs. Several recent studies have confirmed the anti-cancer effects of ZM in various cancer cell lines. However, there have been no studies regarding the cardiac safety of this agent. We performed several cytotoxicity, invasion and migration assays to examine the anti-cancer effects of ZM. To evaluate the potential effects of ZM on cardiac repolarisation, whole-cell patch-clamp experiments were performed with human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs) and cells with heterogeneous cardiac ion channel expression. We also conducted a contractility assay with rat ventricular myocytes to determine the effects of ZM on myocardial contraction and/or relaxation. In tests to determine in vitro efficacy, ZM inhibited the proliferation of A549, H1299 (lung cancer), MCF-7 (breast cancer) and HepG2 (hepatoma) cell lines with $IC_{50}$ in the submicromolar range, and attenuated the invasive and metastatic capacity of A549 cells. In cardiac toxicity testing, ZM did not significantly affect $I_{Na}$, $I_{Ks}$ or $I_{K1}$, but decreased $I_{hERG}$ in a dose-dependent manner ($IC_{50}$: $6.53{\mu}M$). In action potential (AP) assay using hiPSC-CMs, ZM did not induce any changes in AP parameters up to $3{\mu}M$, but it at $10{\mu}M$ induced prolongation of AP duration. In summary, ZM showed potent broad-spectrum anti-tumor activity, but relatively low levels of cardiac side effects compared to the effective doses to tumor. Therefore, ZM has a potential to be a candidate as an anti-cancer with low cardiac toxicity.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.108-118
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• 2021

Background: Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer) contains a variety of ginsenosides that can be metabolized to a biologically active substance, compound K. Previous research showed that compound K could be enriched in the red ginseng extract (RGE) after hydrolysis by pectinase. The current study investigated whether the enzymatically hydrolyzed red ginseng extract (HRGE) containing a notable level of compound K has cognitive improving and neuroprotective effects. Methods: A scopolamine-induced hypomnesic mouse model was subjected to behavioral tasks, such as the Y-maze, passive avoidance, and the Morris water maze tests. After sacrificing the mice, the brains were collected, histologically examined (hematoxylin and eosin staining), and the expressions of antioxidant proteins analyzed by western blot. Results: Behavioral assessment indicated that the oral administration of HRGE at a dosage of 300 mg/kg body weight reversed scopolamine-induced learning and memory deficits. Histological examination demonstrated that the hippocampal damage observed in scopolamine-treated mouse brains was reduced by HRGE administration. In addition, HRGE administration increased the expression of nuclear-factor-E2-related factor 2 and its downstream antioxidant enzymes NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase and heme oxygenase-1 in hippocampal tissue homogenates. An in vitro assay using HT22 mouse hippocampal neuronal cells demonstrated that HRGE treatment attenuated glutamate-induced cytotoxicity by decreasing the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species. Conclusion: These findings suggest that HRGE administration can effectively alleviate hippocampus-mediated cognitive impairment, possibly through cytoprotective mechanisms, preventing oxidative-stress-induced neuronal cell death via the upregulation of phase 2 antioxidant molecules.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.341-347
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the possibility of herbal medicine complex extract (NI-01), which were prepared from 6 natural materials (Cinnamomum cassia Blume, Lonicerae Flos, Paeonia suffruticosa Andrews, Arctium lappa Linne, Schzandra chinesis Bailon, Elsholtzia ciliata Hylander), as a functional material for inhibition of atopic dermatitis. anti-oxidative activity was confirmed by measuring DPPH electron donating ability and ABTS+ radical scavenging ability. Cytotoxicity and NO inhibition were measured using RAW 264.7 cells to confirm anti-inflammatory efficacy. The test substance was orally administered to the pruritus-induced ICR mice to confirm the inhibition of pruritus. The bovine cornea opacity and permeability (BCOP) assay was performed to confirm safety for irritation. NI-01 showed high antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS+ methods. In the anti-inflammatory effect tests with RAW 264.7 cells, NO production was inhibited at NI-01 concentrations of 50 (14.9%) and 100 (4.2%) ㎍/mL, which indicated that the anti-inflammatory effect was increased in a concentration-dependent manner. NI-01 also showed anti-itching effect after inducing of itching by compound 48/80 in ICR mice. NI-01 was proved to be a non-irritant substance in BCOP assay. The results of this study suggested that the herbal medicine combined extract (NI-01) has high antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-itching effects, and safety for irritation. Therefore, herbal medicine complex extract (NI-01) is thought to be highly applicable for the inhibitory ingredients of the atopic dermatitis.