• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.85-99
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• 1981

This study was to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of three root canal disinfectants (formocresol, camphorated phenol and eugenol) and ten root canal sealers(Cavitec, Hypo-cal, Vitapex, AH26, Canals, Mynol, $N_2$, $N_2$-Medical, Z. O. E. and Calvital) in vitro. The experiments were performed in four differrent modes. In the first and second experiment, the "long-distance" cytotoxicity of three root canal disinfectants were tested on L cells. In the third exeriment, ten root canal sealers were tested for cytotoxicity by means of the tissue culture-agar overlay method immediately, 4 and 24 hours after the experiment. In the fourth experiment, the study with radioactively labeled L cells were employed to determine the relative cytotoxicity of ten root canal sealers. The results were as follows; 1. Every vapors from disinfectants showed more or less cytotoxicity. Of the three disinfectats, formocresol appeared to be the highest cytotoxic effect and camphorated phenol was the lowest. 2. Root canal sealers tested in tbis study showed cytotoxicity at every stage of time intervals. 3. The highest cytotoxic effect was freshly mixed $N_2$ meaical and $N_2$ also revealed the highest cytotoxic effect after 4 or 24 hours among these materials. Vitapex was found the lowest cytotoxic effect at all experimental stage. 4. Root canal sealers except N2 and Mynol showed cytotoxic effect were decreased cytotoxicity according to the time elapsed.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.449-454
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• 2000

In search for plant-derived cytotoxic compounds, it was found that the $CHCl_3$ and EtOAC extracts obtained from the flowers of Paulownia coreana Uyeki (Scrophulariaceae) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines, A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF498, and HCT15. Activity-guided fractionation on the basis of the inhibitory activity against the growth of human tumor cell lines, in vitro, and repeated column chromatography afforded several cytotoxic compounds from P. coreana. The structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were established, on the basis of analysis of spectra including IR, UV, EI-MS, $^{1}H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and some chemical transformations, as Compound PCCl $(2-hydroxy-4(15),11(13)-eudesmadien-8{\beta},12-olide)$, Compound $PCC2(2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1(15),11(13)-xanthadien-8{\beta},12-olide)$, Compound PCE1 (chrysophanol), Compound PCE2 (emodin), Compound PCE3 (physcion). Cytotoxic activity of compounds obtained from P. coreana. on five tumor cells lines was evaluated by procedure of SRB methods.

• BMB Reports
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.140-144
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• 2023

While CD8⁺ cytotoxic T cells have long been considered the primary effector in controlling tumors, the involvement of CD4⁺ "helper" T cells in anti-tumor immunity has been underappreciated. The investigations of intra-tumoral T cells, fueled by the recent advances in genomic technologies, have led to a rethinking of the indirect role of CD4⁺ T cells that have traditionally been described as a "helper". Accumulating evidence from preclinical and clinical studies indicates that CD4⁺ T cells can acquire intrinsic cytotoxic properties and directly kill various types of tumor cells in a major histocompatibility complex class II (MHC-II)-dependent manner, as opposed to the indirect "helper" function, thus underscoring a potentially critical contribution of CD4⁺ cytotoxic T cells to immune responses against a wide range of tumor types. Here, we discuss the biological properties of anti-tumor CD4⁺ T cells with cytotoxic capability and highlight the emerging observations suggesting their more significant role in anti-tumor immunity than previously appreciated.

• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.106-113
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• 2001

The Cytotoxic activity of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Perilla frutescens on human oral epithelioid carcinoma cell lines was evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol- 2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazalium bromide (MTT) colorimetric method. The light microscopic study was carried out to observe the morphological changes of cultured human oral epitheloid carcinoma cell lines (KB) These results were obtained as follows; 1. subfraction 1 of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of perilla frutescens was shown significant cytotoxic activity (p<0.001) at 10-2 mg/ml concentration, this concentration was decreased the cytotoxic activity of 70.3% . 2. The comparison of IC50 values of various subfractions in human oral epithelioid carcinoma cell lines was exhibited that their susceptibility to these subfractions decreased in the following order ; subfraction 5 > subfraction 4 > subfraction 3 > subfraction 2 > subfraction 1 by MTT assay. In light microscopy, the subfraction 1 of the ethyl acetate soluble fraction of Perilla frutescens showed the highest cytotoxic activity. These findings suggest that subfraction 1 possessed the most cytotoxic constituents.

• Journal of Korean Biological Nursing Science
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.59-68
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of exercise program on natural killer cell cytotoxic activity(NKCA) in breast cancer patients who had been radiation therapy after surgery. The subjects in the experimental group consisted of 11 breast cancer patients, while the subjects in the control group consisted of 15. Subjects in the experimental group participated in exercise program for 8 weeks. Exercise program consisted of shoulder stretching, arm weight training and treadmill walking exercise. They started to exercise on treadmill for 20 minutes per day, 3 times a week at 40% of maximum heart rate, and increased intensity and duration of exercise so that they were running 30 minutes/day at 60% of maximum heart rate from the 3rd week to the 8th week. Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity were determined before and after the exercise program. For measuring the natural killer cell cytotoxic activity, 8ml to 10ml blood was collected from the subjects. Mononuclear cell was isolated by centrifuge of the blood and cultured by putting $Cr^{51}$, and reacted with target cell, K562 cell. Baseline demographic and medical data were compared between groups with the Fisher's exact test and Mann-Whitney U test. For effects of the exercise program, repeated measures ANOVA was used. The result was as follows; Natural killer cell cytotoxic activity(NKCA) in experimental group comparing with control group significantly increased after the exercise program in case of effector cell : target cell ratio is 100 : 1(p<0.05). The above result suggest that the exercise program for breast cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy after breast surgery may increase the natural killer cell cytotoxic activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.293-299
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• 2002

Cytotoxic and antimutagenic effects of a novel cis-$\varepsilon$-viniferin and five known stilbenes, transresveratrol, trans-$\varepsilon$-viniferin, gnetin H, suffruticosols A and B, isolated from the seeds of Paeonia lactiflora Pall. (Paeoniaceae) were determined against five different cancer cell lines, and mutagenicity of N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) in Salmonella typhimurium TA100, respectively. Six stilbenes showed cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner, and especially did potent cytotoxic activity against C6 (mouse glioma) cancer cell with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 8.2 to $20.5{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$. trans-Resveratrol showed significant cytotoxic activity against HepG2 (liver hepatoma) and HT-29 (colon) human cancer cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values of 11.8 and 25.2 g/ml, respectively. In contrast, trans-$\varepsilon$-viniferin and cis--viniferin, and gnetin H exhibited marked cytotoxic activity against Hela (cervicse) and MCF-7 (breast) human cancer cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values of 20.4, 21.5, and $12.9{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/ml$, respectively. However, suffruticosol A and B had less cytotoxic effect against all cancer cells except C6. Meanwhile, six stilbenes exerted antimutagenic activity in a dose-dependent fashion. Of them, trans-resveratrol exhibited the strongest antimutagenic effect against MNNG with $IC_{50}$ value of $27.0{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/plate$, while other five resveratrol oligomers also did moderate antimutagenic activity with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 31.7 to $35.2{\;}{\mu\textrm{g}}/plate$.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.183-188
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• 2000

In order to discover novel potent antitumor agents, methanolic extracts of approximately 180 herbal medicines were prepared and primarily evaluated for cytotoxic activity in cultured human lung (A549) and colon (Col 2) cancer cells. As a result, 17 natural product extracts were found to be active in the criteria of $IC_{50}$<$20\;{\mu}g/ml$. Especially, the extracts of Aristolochia debilis, Cynanchum ascyrifolium, Cynanchum paniculatum, Daphne genkwa, Euphorbia lathyris, Ipomoea hederacea, Magnolia officinalis, Melia azedarach var. japonica, Solanum nigrum, Thuja orientalis, and Trichosanthes kirilowii showed a strong cytotoxic potential. The flower extract of Daphne genkwa was more selective cytotoxic activity against lung cancer cells $(IC_{50};\;0.2\;{\mu}g/ml)$ compared to colon cancer cells $(IC_{50}>20\;{\mu}g/ml)$. In addition, based on the cytotoxic potential of the root extract of Cynanchum paniculatum, the further fractionation of methylene chloride partition with silica gel column chromatography was performed. Several subfractions were considered to be active, and thus indicating that further studies for the identification of active principles from these fractions might be warranted.

• CELLMED
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• v.2 no.3
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• pp.22.1-22.9
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• 2012

The aim of this study is to collate all available data on experiments reporting the antiproliferative, cytotoxic effects of plants and natural products in Morocco in the last two decades. A bibliographic investigation was carried out by analyzing recognized books and peer-reviewed papers, consulting worldwide accepted scientific databases (Scirus, Embase, HighWire, MEDLINE/PubMed, LILACS, Ovid, ScienceDirect, SciELO, Google Scholar). We used medical subject heading terms and the words 'anticancer', 'antiproliferative', 'antineoplastic', 'antitumoral', 'cytotoxic', 'Morocco', to identify relevant articles. Moroccan plants with attributed anti-cancer properties studied as plant extracts that have been evaluated for cytotoxic effects, antitumoral effects, plants with active compounds tested on cancer cell lines, and plants with active compounds that have been assayed on animal models were chosen for this research. In the present study, interest is focused on experimental research conducted on medicinal plants, particularly those which show antiproliferative or cytotoxic activities alongside bioactive components. A total of 20 plant species belonging to 12 families have been identified as active or promising sources of phytochemicals with antiproliferative properties. The plant families, which cover all the species studied in this field, are Lamiaceae (7 species) and Asteraceae (4 species); the most studied species being Argania spinosa (Sapotaceae) and Arisarum vulgare (Araceae), Thymus Genus (Labiateae) and Peganum harmala (Zygophyllaceae). Based on the search results, it is recommended to increase the number of experimental studies and to begin conducting clinical trials with Moroccan plants and their active compounds selected by in vitro and in vivo activities.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.493-509
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• 2015

Antibody-drug conjugates utilize the antibody as a delivery vehicle for highly potent cytotoxic molecules with specificity for tumor-associated antigens for cancer therapy. Critical parameters that govern successful antibody-drug conjugate development for clinical use include the selection of the tumor target antigen, the antibody against the target, the cytotoxic molecule, the linker bridging the cytotoxic molecule and the antibody, and the conjugation chemistry used for the attachment of the cytotoxic molecule to the antibody. Advancements in these core antibody-drug conjugate technology are reflected by recent approval of Adectris$^{(R)}$(anti-CD30-drug conjugate) and Kadcyla$^{(R)}$(anti-HER2 drug conjugate). The potential approval of an anti-CD22 conjugate and promising new clinical data for anti-CD19 and anti-CD33 conjugates are additional advancements. Enrichment of antibody-drug conjugates with newly developed potent cytotoxic molecules and linkers are also in the pipeline for various tumor targets. However, the complexity of antibody-drug conjugate components, conjugation methods, and off-target toxicities still pose challenges for the strategic design of antibody-drug conjugates to achieve their fullest therapeutic potential. This review will discuss the emergence of clinical antibody-drug conjugates, current trends in optimization strategies, and recent study results for antibody-drug conjugates that have incorporated the latest optimization strategies. Future challenges and perspectives toward making antibody-drug conjugates more amendable for broader disease indications are also discussed.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 2014

Twelve triterpenoids (1 - 12) were isolated from $CHCl_3$-soluble fraction of fruiting bodies of Ganoderma lucidum. Extensive spectroscopic and chemical studies established the structures of these compounds as butyl lucidenate P (1), butyl lucidenate $E_2$ (2), butyl lucidenate $D_2$ (3), butyl lucidenate Q (4), ganoderiol F (5), methyl ganoderate H (6), methyl ganoderate J (7), lucidumol B (8), ganodermanondiol (9), methyl lucidenate N (10), methyl lucidenate A (11) and butyl lucidenate N (12). All of the compounds were examined for their cytotoxic activity against HL-60, HeLa, and MCF-7 cancer cell lines. Among them, compounds 4 and 8 showed cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 6.6 and 1.6 ${\mu}M$ against HL-60, respectively. In addition, compound 8 also showed cytotoxic activity with $IC_{50}$ values of 2.0 ${\mu}M$ against HeLa cancer cell line, other compounds were moderate or inactive.