• Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2009

Objectives : In order to evaluate the cytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium, the cytoprotective effect of phenolic compounds against hexavalent chromium-induced cytotoxicity, cell viability, cell adhesion ability, lactate dehydrogenase(LDH) activity, and morphological changes of cells were examined. Methods : We measured the cytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium with 3-[4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide(MTT), 2,3-bis-[2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl]-2H-tetrazolium-5-caboxanilide (XTT), LDH and DPPH methods. Results : The cytotoxicity of hexavalent chromium($IC_{50}$, $44.0-51.0{\mu}M$) was high according to the toxic criteria. Cytoprotective effect of phenolic compounds against $IC_{50}$ value of hexavalent chromium in cell morphology increased in a concentration-dependent manner. Conclusions : These results suggest that 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid may be used as a cytoprotective agent against chromium(IV)-mediated cytotoxicity.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.736-742
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• 1999

Antioxidative and cytoprotective effects of tectorigenin and glycitein isolated from the pueraria thunbergiana and its derivative, genistein, were determined. Among these three compounds, tectorigenin and glycitein bearing 6-methoxyl groups in both isoflavones showed significant free radical scavenging activities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and xanthine/xanthine oxidase (XOD) generating superoxide anion radical. Tectorigenin only showed a slight inhibitory effect on XOD. We further studied the inhibitory effects of these isoflavones on the lipid peroxidation in rat liver microsomes induced by enzymatic and non-enzymatic methods. Each of them exhibited inhibitory effect on both ascorbic $acid/Fe^{2+}-{\;}and{\;}ADP/NADPH/Fe^{+3}-induced$ lipid peroxidation. Moreover, tectorigenin exhibited the highest protection of hydrogen peroxide damage on HepG2 and Vero cells among the three isoflavones, in the cytoprotective assay. It was suggested that the pattern of antioxidative and cytoprotective effect of isoflavones could be crucially by the aromatic substitution of oxygen-containing groups.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.624-629
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• 2010

Nardostachys jatamansi water extract (NJ) has long been used for the treatment of inflammation-and immune-mediated disorders in the oriental countries. However, its site of action and pharmacological mechanism are not fully investigated. In this study, the authors tried to explore the cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory actions of NJ. First of all, NJ has no harmful effects on viability of neuronal cell line HT22 cells in the dose range of 300 mg/ml. On the contrary, it shows cytoprotective effects on the cells treated with reactive oxygen species H2O2. Probably the cytoprotective effects of NJ might be caused by its ability to induce well known cytoprotective gene hem oxygenase-1 (HO-1). Furthermore, NJ shows inhibitory effects on the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and NO production which are known to destroy the integrity of both cells and tissues. It also inhibits potent proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-a) production. The blocking effects of NJ on cytopathic and proinflammatory actions of LPS might be caused by the induction of cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory genes HO-1 in macrophages cell line RAW 264.7 cells. The results in this study suggest NJ could be used for the amelioration of inflammation which is underlying mechanism responsible for most chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.38 no.3 s.150
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• pp.287-290
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• 2007

Phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract of the dried stem barks of Fraxinus rhynchophylla Hance (Oleaceae), as guided by cytoprotective activity against tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BHP)-induced cell injury in mouse hippocampal HT22 cells, furnished two coumarins, esculetin (1) and fraxetin (2). Compounds 1 and 2 had the significant cytoprotective effects on t-BHP-induced cellular oxidative injury in HT22 cells. Furthermore, compounds 1 and 2 showed potent DPPH radical scavenging effect, exhibiting $IC_{50}$ values of 14.68 and 9.64 ${\mu}M$, respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.57-77
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• 2003

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the depigmentation effects of Barley, Unpolished rice, Job's-tear. Metbods: We investigated that the extracts of Barley, Unpolished rice, Job's-tear inhibit activity of tyrosinase, the enzyme which convert ts 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl) alanine to dopachrom in the biosynthetic process of melanin, the UV absorbance of the extracts in the UV-A region and UV-B region was measured by UV scanning, the effect of extracts on cell viability and melanin production in cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells were measured, and cytoprotective effects of extracts on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide measured by MTT assay. Results: The extracts of Barley, Unpolished rice, Job's-tear inhibited activity of tyrosinase in low density. The Barley, Job's-tear extracts not only showed inhibitory effects on melanin production in cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells, but also exhibited cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide in low density. Unpolished rice extract showed inhibitory effect on melanin production in cultured B16 mouse melanoma cells, but did not showed cytoprotective effect Barley, Unpolished rice, Job's-tear extracts did not showed an absorbance effect in the UV-A region and UV-8 region. Conclusions: These results suggest that Barley, Unpolished rice, Job's-tear inhibit melanin biosynthesis which is involved in hyperpigmentation and could be used as a whitening agent.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.54 no.3
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• pp.151-156
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• 2010

Cytotoxicity of cadmium on NIH 3T3 fibroblasts was utilized in order to discover antitoxic compound in Galgeuntang extract in this study. Treatment groups were chosen as follows; control (medium only), $MTT_{50}$ group and five experimental groups. MTT {3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazoliumbromide} method was performed to evaluate the cytotoxicity of cell organelles and $IC_{50}$ was also measured. Accordingly we have examined the detoxification effects of Galgeuntang extract on cadmium-treated NIH 3T3 fibroblasts to observe morphological changes by the light microscopy. Galgeuntang extract showed cytoprotective effects on cadmium-induced cytotoxicity. Furthermore, Galgeuntang showed a dose-dependency in detoxication. The phenolic content of Galgeuntang ethanol extract was higher than that of water content. These results suggest that Galgeuntang extract may be used as a cytoprotective agent against cadmium (II)-mediated cytotoxicity.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.155-164
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• 2018

Nypa fruticans Wurmb is a species of palm, which is widely distributed in the mangrove forest of Southeast Asia. Various parts of N. fruticans has been used as a traditional medicinal plant. However, the physiological activities of N. fruticans has not yet been clarified well. Therefore, in this study, the 50% ethanol extract and its aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions of young shoots of N. fruticans were investigated for their antioxidant, cytoprotective effect, and antimicrobial activities. Every sample possessed very high free radical and various ROS scavenging capacities assessed by employing different in vitro assays such as $DPPH^{\cdot}$, $O_2^{{\cdot}-}$, ${\cdot}OH$, and $^1O_2$ scavenging activities. Based on these results, the cytoprotective effect was investigated using the oxidative hemolysis of erythrocyte. We found that the extract and fractions provide a greater protective effect compared with (+)-${\alpha}$-tocopherol. Furthermore, antimicrobial activities were confirmed against skin pathogens by broth microdilution assay. The ethyl acetate fraction had much higher antimicrobial activities than methyl paraben against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Candida albicans. Taken together, our results indicated that the young shoots of N. fruticans may have the potential role as a natural active ingredient through their antioxidant, cytoprotective effect, and antimicrobial activities.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.94-103
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• 2004

Objective: This study was performed to detennine the depigmenting effects of Kamibongpungtongsung-San. Methods: To determine the depigmenting effects of Kamibangpungtongsung-San. we measured the degree of tyrosinase inhibition, melanin production & cell viability in cultured B16 melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide. Results: Komibangpungtongsung-San did not show inhibitory effects on melanin production in melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide. However it showed mild inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity. Conclusion : This study shows that Kamibangpungtongsung-San, a generally used prescription for dermatologic diseases, do not have depigmenting effects via tyrosinase inhibition. Therefore, the depigmenting effect and mechanism of depigmentation by Kamibangpungtongsung-San need to be evaluated and investigated in other directions.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.79-95
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• 2003

Objectives: This study was performed to investigate the depigmentation effects of Salt, Acetum, Sesami Semen Nigrum. Methods: Inhibition of tyrosinase activity, melanin production & cell viability in cultured B16 melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide were measured. Results: Salt, Acetum, Sesami Semen Nigrum did not show any inhibitory effects of tyrosinase activity & melanin production in melanoma cells, UV screen and cytoprotective effects on PC12 cells injured by hydrogen peroxide. Conclusions: This study shows that Salt, Acetum, Sesami Semen Nigrum which were generally used for the addition in external application do not have the depigmentation effects. Following this, the depigmentation effects of the other addition which were generally used for external application shoud be examined.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2003.04a
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• pp.129.1-129.1
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• 2003

Alcohol, Helicobacter pylori, stress and NSAIDs-activated neutrophils all produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which play an important role in gastric mucosal damage. Eupatilin is an active component of Artemisia asiatica possessing cytoprotective effect. The effect of eupatilin on the production of ROS and cellular damage in AGS and ECV304 cells were evaluated to prove the cytoprotective action against the above mentioned gastric mucosal cell damages. (omitted)