• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.17-20
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• 2000

Adenovirus which is an important infectious viral agent in respiratory and alimentary tract was investigated in Pusan, 1999. Fifteen cases of adenovirus were detected from stools and throat swabs of suspected patients. Two cases of enteric adenovirus were detected from a 5 years old boy and a 6-month-old boy. Thirteen cases of respiratory adenoviruses were detected from children aged under 10 years old and one adult. From respiratory specimens, 1 case of adenovirus type 2, 1 case of type 5, and 11 cases of type 3 were found. Enterotype 41 was detected from fecal preparations. Adenoviruses appeared mostly during winter months, January, February and December. Adenovirus showed a slowly progressive cytopathic effect on HEp-2 cells, Vero cells and BGM cells at 37$^{\circ}C$, in a 5-7% $CO_{2}$ incubation. An electron microscopic observation exhibited non-enveloped icosahedron with a diameter of 70nm. No significant differences on cytopathic effect and morphological features have been found from specimens of either alimentary tract or respiratory secretions.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.17 no.10
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• pp.1361-1367
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• 2007

I investigated the effect of KT5720, an inhibitor of protein kinase A, on the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) infection in BHK-21cell cultures. The virus inducted cytopathic effect (CPE) was almost completely suppressed by KT5720 at 5uM. The inhibitor, however, did not affect replication of the virus nor the synthesis of viral macromolecules. KT5720, did not block the cytoskeletal disruption, while the cell rounding was suppressed. And, the KT5720-sensitive function may be involved in developing the VSV-induced CPE, but not essential for the virus replications.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.398-403
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• 1999

In our previous studies, we reported that hybridoma B-lymphocytes can be used to determine the virulence of Listeria species in an in vitro cytotoxicity assay. Here, we examined the cytopathic effect, i.e., membrane damage and the nature of cell death induced by Listeria monocytogenes on murine hybridoma B-lymphocytes (Ped-2E9). Membrane damage was assessed by microscopic analyses and by measuring the release of intracellular alkaline phosphatase(AP) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH). Cell death was determined by DNA fragmentation analyses using agarose gel electrophoresis. Infection by listeriolysin O (LLO)-producing L. monocytogenes strains induced substantial amounts of AP and LDH release from Ped-2E9 hybridoma B-cells, suggesting severe membrane damage in these cells, while an LLO-negative L. monocytogenes mutant strain had no effect. An LLO-producing recombinant L. innocua ($prifA^+hly^+$) strain also induced high AP and LDH release and cytopathic changes in Ped-2E9 cells. Light or scanning electron microscopic examination revealed L. monocytogenes mediated membrane destabilization, pore formation, intense cytoplasmic granulation, bleb formation, and lysis of Ped-2E9 cells. LLO-producing L. monocytogenes and L. innocua ($prifA^{+}hly{^}+$) also induced ladder-like DNA fragmentation in Ped-2E9 cells. Collectively, these results suggest that L. monocytogenes, specifically LLO-producing strains, can induce a severe cytopathic effect leading to apoptosis in hybridoma B-lymphocytes (Ped-2E9).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.425-431
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• 1997

To examine components of Ganoderma lucidum for anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) activity, the aqueous extracts of its basidiocarps were separated into high-molecular-weight (HMF) and low-molecular-weight (LMF) fractions. These fractions were used in XTT [2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide] antiviral assay which can quantitatively measure cytopathic effects of HIV-1 on CEM, human T lymphoblastoid cell line. The CEM cell line added with serial diluted HMF or LMF was cultured in the absence or presence of HIV-1. The results showed that the LMF of the aqueous extract strongly inhibited cytopathic effect of the target cell induced by HIV-1. When two-fold serially diluted LMF ranging from $40.97{\mu}g/ml$4 to 125.00 .mu.g/ml was added to the virus-free culture system, no toxicity on the target cells was detected in all the concentrations tested. However, when it was added to the HIV-infected culture system, the viabilities of the target cell reached a plateau recovering its viabilities to 71.7% and 82.5% in experiment-1 and -2 at 15.60 .mu.g/ml, respectively. The cell viabilities were then gradually decreased but maintained at more than 50% above 31.20 .mu.g/ml concentration. On the contrary, HMF did not prevent any HIV-induced cytopathic effect at any concentrations tested on this cell line. From these results, negligible toxicities were observed by both HMF and LMF of G. luciolum, and recovery of cell viability in HIV infected target cell was induced only by LMF of the carpophores.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.165-169
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• 1999

The incidence of aseptic meningitis infection is ensuing and threatening the health of children. Enteroviruses are the major agents of aseptic meningitis and identification of virus has been a clue to diagnosis and epidemiology. The outbreak of aseptic meningitis occurred in Pusan, 1998. Patients were concentrated from April through November. Children were more susceptible than adults. Among 306 cases of specimens from stool, throat swab tested, only 7.2% were positive on virus isolation, 12 cases from stool and 10 from throat, respectively. All isolated 7 serotypes of viruses represented cytopathic effect on cultured cells. Three types of echovirus 6.25, 30 and coxsackievirus B2, B3, B4, B6 were identified by neutralizing antibody test. Isolated coxsackievirus and echovirus were observed by an electron microscope with negative staining.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 1994

The viral hemorrhagic septicemia of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri was studied. The hematocrit values of diseased fish were very low than those of normal fish. And, the GOT and GPT values of serum of diseased fish were a little high than those of normal fish. Cytopathic effect of viral agents(serum and organs of diseased fish) was observed with inverted phase contrast microscopy. After 24hrs infection, the cells were showed the cytopathic effect.

• Osong Public Health and Research Perspectives
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• v.9 no.6
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• pp.348-353
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• 2018

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine whether essential oils had anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity and whether there were specific compounds associated with this activity. Methods: There were 63 essential oils evaluated for anti-influenza (A/WS/33 virus) activity using a cytopathic effect reduction method. The chemical composition of the anti-influenza essential oils was phytochemically analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Results: The antiviral assays demonstrated that 11 of the 62 essential oils ($100{\mu}g/mL$) possessed anti-influenza activity, reducing visible cytopathic effects of influenza A/WS/33 virus activity by > 30%. Furthermore, marjoram, clary sage and anise oils exhibited anti-influenza A/WS/33 virus activity of > 52.8%. However, oseltamivir (the anti-influenza A and B drug), showed cytotoxicity at the same concentration ($100{\mu}g/mL$) as the essential oils. The chemical composition detected by GC-MS analysis, differed amongst the 3 most potent anti-viral essential oils (marjoram, clary sage and anise oils) except for linalool, which was detected in all 3 essential oils. Conclusion: This study demonstrated anti-influenza activity in 11 essential oils tested, with marjoram, clary sage and anise essential oils being the most effective at reducing visible cytopathic effects of the A/WS/33 virus. All 3 oils contained linalool, suggesting that this may have anti-influenza activity. Further investigation is needed to characterize the antiviral activity of linalool against influenza A/WS/33 virus.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1992

CHSE(Chinook Salmon Embryo)-214 fish cell lines was cultured in Eagle's minimal medium (MEM) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum and 2mM-glutamin. Optimum growth temperature of CHSE-214 cell line was $20^{\circ}C$. Infectious pancreatic necrosis virus(IPNV) was successfuly multiplied and showed the cytopathic effect in CHSE-214 cell line. Infection symptom of IPNV was observed with inverted phase contrast microscopy. At 6h-12hrs post-infection, the cells infected with IPNV were similer to normal cells. At 18-24hrs post-infection, the cells were somewhat round form and a little swollen form than normal cells. At 30hs post-infection, the cells were becoming more abnormal cells. At 48-68 post-infection, the infected cells were lysed and showed the severe cytopathic effect.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.291-297
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• 2000

Objective : In order to find antiviral compounds against Herpes simplex virus type I(HSV-1) and II(HSV-2) from herb medicines, a convenient virus-induced cytopathic effect(CPE) inhibition assay was introduced. Methods : Fourteen purchased herbal medicines, and their toxicity of infected cell and anti-viral activities were evaluated. Among them, the major part of herbal medicines showed cell stability compared with the contrast. Results : Cytotoxic concentration (CC) of the $H_2O$ extracts of Hyongbangpaedoksan against HSV-1 and HSV-2 was 181.12. This is high level cytotoxic concentration compared with the contrast. Therefore, we assumed that the high level cytotoxic concentration of herbal medicine play a major role in improvement of antiviral activity at the first infective cell. But antiviral effect was unable to figure out for selective index(Sl)=CC50/EC50. The other herbal medicines were unable to showed potent anti-HSV activity. Conclusions : The antiviral activation using herbs in this thesis have unlimited objects, to select research object will help to show the direction of antiviral drug development that have less side effect and more excellent efficiency.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.11
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• pp.1293-1301
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• 2005

Flavonoids, a group of low molecular weight phenylbenzopyrones, have various pharmacological properties including antioxidant, anticancer, bactericidal, and anti-inflammatory. We carried out anti-herpetic assays on 18 flavonoids in five classes and a virus-induced cytopathic effect (CPE) inhibitory assay, plaque reduction assay, and yield reduction assay were performed. When flavonoids were applied at various concentrations to Vero cells infected by HSV-1 and 2, most of the f1avonoids showed inhibitory effects on virus-induced CPE. Among the flavonoids, EC, ECG (flavanols), genistein (isoflavone), naringenin (flavanone), and quercetin (flavonol) showed a high level of CPE inhibitory activity. The antiviral activity of flavonoids were also examined by a plaque reduction assay. EC, ECG, galangin, and kaempferol showed a strong antiviral activity, and catechin, EGC, EGCG, naringenin, chrysin, baicalin, fisetin, myricetin, quercetin, and genistein showed moderate inhibitory effects against HSV-1. In these experiments, flavanols and flavonols appeared to be more active than flavones. Furthermore, treatment of Vero cells with ECG and galangin (which previously showed strong antiviral activities) before virus adsorption led to a slight enhancement of inhibition as determined by a yield reduction assay, indicating that an intracellular effect may also be involved.