• Natural Product Sciences
• /
• v.10 no.6
• /
• pp.347-352
• /
• 2004

When saponin extracts of dried ginseng and red ginseng were anaerobically incubated with human intestinal microflora, these extracts were metabolized to compound K and ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively. However, when these extracts were incubated with commercial lactic acid bacteria, these did not metabolize these ginsenosides to compound K or ginsenoside $Rh_2$. Among some intestinal bacteria isolated from human feces, Bacteroides C-35 and C-36 transformed these saponin extracts to compound K and ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively. These bacteria also transformed water extracts of dried ginseng and red ginseng to compound K and ginsenoside $Rh_2$, respectively, similarly with that of the saponin extracts. Among transformed ginsenosides, compound K and 20(S)-ginsenoside $Rh_2$ exhibited the most potent cyotoxicity against tumor cells.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.497-502
• /
• 2006

A new natural C-benzylated chalcone, $2',4'-dihydroxy-3'-(2-hydroxybenzyl)-6{\c}-methoxychalcone$ (2), along with two other flavonoids, tiliroside and kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, and an oxoaporphine alkaloid, lanuginosine were isolated from the aerial parts of Ellipeiopsis cherrevensis (Annonaceae). Two known polyoxygenated cyclohexene derivatives, ferrudiol and zeylenol, and a new analog, ellipeiopsol D, were also isolated. The chalcone 2 exhibited cytotoxic activity against human small-cell lung-cancer (NCl-H187), epidermoid carcinoma (KB) and breast cancer (BC) cell lines with $IC_{50}$ values of 1.40, 5.31 and $13.92\;{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. This compound also showed antimalarial activity against Plasmodium falciparum with an $IC_{50}$ value of $7.1\;{\mu}g/mL$ as well as antimicrobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with a MIC of 25 mg/mL.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
• /
• 2003.10b
• /
• pp.160.2-160.2
• /
• 2003

When ginsenoside $R_{b1}$ and $R_{b2}$ were anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, these ginsenosides were metabolized to compound K. When ginsenoside $R_{g3}$ was anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, the ginsenoside $R_{g3}$ was metabolized it to ginsenoside $R_{h2}$. Among ginsenosides, compound K and 20(S)-ginsenoside $R_h2$ exhibited the most potent cyotoxicity against tumor cells: 50% cytotoxic concentrations of compound K in the media with and without fetal bovine serum (FBS) were 27.1 - 31.6 mM and0.1 - 0.6 mM, and those of 20(S)-ginsenoside $R_h2$ were 37.5 $\rightarrow$ 50 and 0.7 - 7.1 mM mM, respectively. (omitted)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• v.27 no.3
• /
• pp.129-134
• /
• 2003

When ginsenoside $R_{*}$b1/ and $R_{b2}$ were anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, these ginsenosides were metabolized to compound K (IH-901). When ginsenoside $R_{g3}$ was anaerobically incubated with human fecal microflora, the ginsenoside $R_{g3}$ was metabolized it to ginsenoside $R_{h2}$. Among ginsenosides, IH-901 and 20(S)-ginsenoside $R_{h2}$ exhibited the most potent cyotoxicity against tumor cells: 50% cytotoxic concentrations of IH-901 in the media with and without fetal bovine serum (FBS) were 27.1-31.6 $\mu$M and 0.1-0.61 $\mu$M, and those of 20(S)-ginsenoside $R_{h2}$ were 37.5->50 and 0.7-7.1 $\mu$M, respectively. The cytotoxic potency of ginsenosides was IH-901>20(S)-ginsenoside R $h_{h2}$》20(S)-ginsenoside $R_{g3}$>ginsenoside $R_{b1}$(equation omitted) $R_{b2}$.EX>$R_{b2}$./.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.1 s.120
• /
• pp.57-62
• /
• 2007

The objectives of this study were to prepare a new artificial eardrum patch using water-insoluble chitosan for healing the tympanic membrane perforations and to investigate biomechanical properties and cyotoxicity of the chitosan patch scaffold (CPS). Tensile strength and elongation at the rupture point of CPSs were 2.49-74.05 MPa and 0.11-107.06%, respectively. As the biomechanical properties or CPSs varied with the concentration of chitosan and glycerol, the proper conditions for the CPS were found out. SEM analysis showed very smooth and uniform surface of CPSs without pores at x1000. The result of MTT test showed that CPSs had no cytotoxicity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.219-226
• /
• 1993

For the analysis of structure relationship of ar-turmerone analogues, the compounds containing the various substituents on the phenyl ring and 1(or 2)-naphthyl group in the place of phenyl of ar-turmerone were prepared and tested their cytotoxicity against HL-60, K-562, and L1210 leukemia cells in vitro. The substituents at para position are methoxy, phenoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, fluoro, and chloro. At meta position methoxy, methyl, trifluoromethyl, or chloro groups at ortho position mathoxy or chloro group were introduced. Against HL-60 and K-562 cells, $ED_{50}$ values of the analogues are ranged from 0.8 to $30.0\;\mu{g/ml}$. Againste L1210 cell, these are located more than $20.0\;\mu{g/ml}$. However, 5-carbone-thoxy-2-methyl-6(1-naphthyl)-2-octen-4-one (5n)possesses $ED_{50}$ valuses 0.8, 2.1, $6.5\;\mu{g/ml}$ against HL-60, L1210 cells, respectively. The electronic nature of the substituents on phenyl ring of ar-tumerone dose not affect the biological activity. Therefore the flat structure of aromatic potion of ar-tumerone analogues is the more important factor for their activity rather than its electronic nature. The potentiation of the cytotoxicity with the enlargement of aromatic ring region also supports the importance of the plane structure of this area. The restriction of the single bond rotation between C-6 and aromatic ring through the introduction of substituents at the ortho position of phenyl ring and the increment of size of alkyl group at C-6 position enhances the activity. Therefore the effective conformation should by the one having the orthogonal arrangement between the aromatic ring and the side chain.