• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.414-421
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• 2013

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fermented foods have attracted considerable attention recently as treatment options for immune diseases, the incidence of which has been increasing worldwide. The ability of 500 strains of LAB, isolated from kimchi, to induce TNF-${\alpha}$ production in peritoneal macrophages was investigated. Lactobacillus plantarum HY7712 most strongly induced TNF-${\alpha}$ production as well as NF-${\kappa}B$ activation. However, HY7712 inhibited NF-${\kappa}B$ activation in LPS-stimulated peritoneal macrophages. When HY7712 was orally treated in cyclophosphamide (CP)-immunosuppressed mice for 5 or 15 days, it reversed the body and spleen weights, blood RBC and WBC levels, and splenocyte and bone marrow cells that were reduced by CP. Orally administered HY7712 increased concanavalin A-induced T cell proliferation to 84.5% of the normal group on day 15, although treatment with CP alone markedly reduced it to 53.7% of the normal group. Furthermore, orally administered HY7712 significantly induced the expressions of IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$ in ConA-induced splenic cytotoxic T cells of CP-treated mice. Orally administered HY7712 restored the CP-impaired phagocytosis of macrophages in mice. Orally administered HY7712 also restored the cytotoxicity of NK and cytotoxic T cells derived from spleen and bone marrow against YAC-1 in CP-immunosuppressed mice. Based on these findings, orally administered HY7712 may accelerate the recovery of cyclophosphamide-caused immunosuppression, without evident side effects, by immunopotentiating NK and Tc cells, and may provide a mechanistic basis for using HY7712 as an alternative means in lessening chemotherapyinduced immunosuppression in cancer patients.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1013-1021
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• 2003

Anemia, the condition of the diminished concentration of hemoglobin per erythrocyte is common in patients with cancer and is a frequent complication of myelosuppressive chemotherapy. Cham-Dang-Gui (Angelicae Gigantis Radix) has been used in traditional Korean medicine to treat hematologic deficiencies. In this study, Cyclophosphamide (CYP), an alkylating agent that has a broad spectrum of anti-cancer activities, was intraperitoneally injected into the experimental animals to suppress the bone marrow thereafter, causing anemia. The hemopoietic effects of Cham-Dang-Gui were examined using anemic rat model. Rats were divided into five groups: CON (control group), ANS (CYP-injected + normal diet), AND (CYP-injected + normal diet + Cham-Dang-Gui), ALS (CYP-injected + low iron diet), and ALD (CYP-injected + low iron diet + Cham- Dang-Gui) groups. CYP (30 mg/kg) was intraperitoneally injected to rats for 3 days to induce anemic condition. Saline or Cham-Dang-Gui was administrated orally during the entire experimental period. CYP injection decreased body weight gain and food consumption in comparison with CON group. Oral administration of Cham-Dang-Gui extract with normal iron diet significantly prevented the lower body weight gain. The blood level of hemoglobin, iron status (serum iron, transferrin, ferritin and TIBC) and blood level of vitamin B-12 in Cham-Dang-Gui treated groups were significantly higher than those of Cham-Dang-Gui untreated groups regardless of amount of iron in the diet. Taken together, it could be concluded that the Cham-Dang-Gui extract could improve anemic condition induced by CYP injection by improving hematological value, iron status and vitamin B12 status in rats.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제33권5호
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• pp.275-281
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• 2019

Polysaccharides produced in microorganisms and plants are known to increase the immune response in the body. We proposed analysis of beta-glucan contents of phellinus linteus fruit body (FB) and mycelium (MC) cultured in cudrania tricuspidata. Also, we examined whether fruit body and mycelium can increase the immune response in cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression animal models. We injected cyclophosphamide (50 mg/kg) twice to produce immunosuppression mice. Then, FB (200 mg/kg) and MC (200 mg/kg) were oral administered for 14 days. In order to confirm the immune-enhancing effect of FB and MC, we analyzed spleen weight, the number of immune cells, cytokines, and immunoglobulins levels. Cyclophosphamide decreased the weight of spleen, the number of immune cells. However, FB and MC have significantly increased the weight of spleen, the number of white blood cell, lymphocyte and monocyte. In addition, they have significantly increased immune-related cytokines (IL-2 and IFN-${\gamma}$) and immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG, IgM) levels. As a results, phellinus linteus fruit body (FB) and mycelium (MC) cultured in cudrania tricuspidata can be used as effective natural materials for immune-enhancing.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제33권4호
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• pp.493-499
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• 2023

In this study we evaluated the immune-enhancing effects of β-glucan, the main component of Euglena gracilis (Euglena), and Euglena on inflammatory factor expression in RAW264.7 macrophages and ICR mice with cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppression. Macrophages were treated with β-glucan or Euglena for 48 h. The β-glucan and Euglena groups exhibited higher levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α than the control (vehicle alone) group. Animals were fed saline and β-glucan (400 mg/kg body weight (B.W.)) or Euglena (400 or 800 mg/kg B.W.) for 19 days, and on days 17-19, cyclophosphamide (CCP, 80 mg/kg B.W.) was administered to induce immunosuppression in the ICR mouse model. CCP reduced the body weight, spleen index, and cytokine expression of the mice. To measure cytokine and receptor expression, splenocytes were treated with concanavalin A (ConA) or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as a mitogen for 24 h. In vivo, ConA stimulation significantly upregulated the expression of interferon (IFN)-γ, interleukin (IL)-10, IL-12 receptor β1, IL-1β, and IL-2 in splenocytes from the β-glucan- or Euglena-treated groups compared with those in the splenocytes from the CCP-treated group; LPS stimulation increased the levels of the cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in splenocytes from the β-glucan- or Euglena- treated groups compared with those from the CCP-treated group, but most of these differences were not significant. These results demonstrate the effect of Euglena in ameliorating macrophages and immunosuppression in CCP-treated mice. Thus, Euglena has the potential to enhance macrophage- and splenocyte- mediated immune-stimulating responses.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.11-19
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• 1995

This research was undertaken to determine the effect of cyclophosphamide(CP) on the Leydig cells and macrophages in the interstitial tissue of the mice(ICR strain). To evaluate how this drug could affect the these cells, during administration(200mg/kg) 1 time to 3 times at intervals of 48hrs. In the Leydig cells of the control and 1 time treated group, a number of microperoxisomes were observed interspersed among the network of smooth endoplasmic reticulum(SER) in cellular regions where the SER predominantes. Microperoxisomes were also founded in close proximity to the cell membrane. The interstitial tissue were exhibited degenerating Leydig cells but macrophages wer containd greatly increased numbers of cytoplasmic inclusion body and secondary lysosomes. In the 1 time treated group. A very small number of Leydig cells were observed, from 2 to 3 time group, but macrophages were more increased than 1 time group in number. CP thus offers a valuable opportunity to study further the interaction between Leydig cells and macrophages in the interstitial tissue. These alteration could be direct mediated by toxic effect of the drug on the interstitial tissue.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제51권3호
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• pp.249-252
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• 2011

Cell culture systems for the protozoan Eimeria are not yet available. The present study was conducted to develop an animal model system by inoculating animals with a live Eimeria vaccine. This study was conducted on 3-day-old chickens (n = 20) pretreated with cyclophosphamide. The chickens were divided into 2 groups: the control group (n = 10) and the inoculated group that received the live Eimeria vaccine (n = 10). During the study period, we compared the clinical signs, changes in body weight, and number of oocysts shed in the feces of the control and inoculated group. This study showed that oocyst shedding was significantly higher in the chickens inoculated with live Eimeria oocysts than in the control chickens. Moreover, body weight gain was lesser in the animals in the inoculated group than in the control animals. Fecal oocyst shedding was observed in the inoculated animals. On the basis of these findings, we suggest that live Eimeria vaccination with cyclophosphamide pretreatment may be used to obtain an effective animal model for studying protozoan infections. This animal study model may eliminate the need for a tedious continuous animal inoculation process every 6 months because the live coccidiosis vaccine contains live oocysts.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.45-51
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• 1980

Cyclophosphamide(CY)가 마우스 및 가토(家兎)의 P. multocida 야외분리균주(野外分離菌株)의 호흡기관내(呼吸器管內) 인공감염(人工感染)에 대한 감수성(感受性)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 연구(硏究)하였다. 체중(體重) Kg당(當) 300mg CY를 주입(注入)한 마우스와 150mg CY를 처리(處理)한 가토(家兎)는 P. multocida의 호흡기관내(呼吸器管內) 인공감염(人工感染)에 대해서 높은 감수성(感受性)을 보였다. 또한 CY 처리(處理)는 일시적(一時的)으로 말초혈액(末梢血液) 중에 있는 총백혈구수(總白血球數)와 단핵백혈구수(單核白血球數)의 감소(減少)를 야기(惹起)했고, 비장(脾臟)의 백수(白髓)와 적수(赤髓)에 있는 임파구(淋巴球)의 소실(消失)을 초래(招來)했다. CY 주사(注射)된 가토(家兎)는 접종(接種)된 균주(菌株)에 대한 항체형성능력(抗體形成能力)의 저하(低下)를 나타냈다. 얻어진 결과(結果)는 가토(家兎)에 있어서 면역기능(免疫機能)의 저하(低下)와 호흡기질병(呼吸器疾病) 발생(發生) 간(間)의 상호관계(相互關係)에 대해 고찰(考察)하였다.

• Applied Microscopy
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.127-140
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• 1992

This research was undertaken to determine the effects of the cyclophosphamide (CP) on the epididymal corpus of the male rat in terms of ultrastructural alteration and protein analysis by SDS-PAGE at different groups; control group, 1 week group, 3 weeks group and 5 weeks group were treated with saline (control group) or CP at doses of 20mg/kg/week, 1 time a week, respectively. In the cytoplasm of the principal cells on the epididymal corpus, the mitochondria were significantly swollen or disrupted. The lumens of rough endoplasmic reticulum (rER) were also dilated and the number of secretory vesicles and lysosomes were increased respectively. CP caused changes in protein concentrations in the corpus of epididymis after CP treatment. Total proteins of 31 to 36 species were expressed in the corpus fluid. Then the more CP was increased, the more concentration of proteins caused to decrease, synthesize or increase in epididymal corpus. In contrast to the control group, in particular 88KD and the other 8 proteins in the corpus fluid, were decreased or disappeared respectively, whereas acid phosphatase and the other 9 proteins in the corpus fluid, were increased or synthesized respectively. The other proteins are not showed distinctive difference. It is suggested that treatment with CP alters the specific cell organelles and proteins in segment of the epididymal corpus.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.301-306
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• 2008

To investigate the effects of carboxyethylgermanium sesquioxide (Ge-132) on the cyclophosphamide (CY)-induced immunotoxicity, hemagglutinin titer (HA-titer), splenic IgM plaque forming cells (PFC) and contact-delayed type hypersensitivity (CDTH) were assessed in mice. Ge-132 was orally administered alone (single dose of 300, 600, 900 mg/kg b.w.) or with CY (10 or 50 mg/kg, i.p.) to mice on the 2nd day before, simultaneously with, the 2nd day after immunization. Within Ge-132 alone-treated groups, HA-titer and PFC to SRBC were significantly and dose-dependently enhanced when compared with control group. HA-titer and PFC numbers suppressed by the treatment of CY alone were significantly restored by the concomitant treatment of CY and Ge-132. Also, Ge-132 significantly decreased DNFB-induced CDTH and inhibited the CY-enhanced CDTH. These results indicate that Ge-132 may be able to increase humoral immunity and inhibit the immunotoxicity by CY.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.726-732
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• 2021

In this study, we evaluated the immune-enhancing activity of kimchi-derived Lactobacillus plantarum 200655 on immune suppression by cyclophosphamide (CP) in ICR mice. Animals were fed distilled water or 1×10⁹ colony-forming unit/kg B.W. 200655 or Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG as a positive control for 14 days. An in vivo model of immunosuppression was induced using CP 150 and 100 mg/kg B.W. at 7 and 10 days, respectively. Body weight, spleen index, spleen weight, and gene expression were measured to estimate the immune-enhancing effects. The dead 200655 (D-200655) group showed an increased spleen weight compared to the sham control (SC) group. Similarly, the spleen index was significantly higher than that in the CP-treated group. The live 200655 (L-200655) group showed an increased mRNA expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL)-6 in splenocytes. Also, the iNOS and COX-2 mRNA expression was upregulated in the L-200655 group compared to the CP-only (SC) group. The phosphorylation of ERK and MAPK was also upmodulated in the L-200655 group. These results indicate that L. plantarum 200655 ameliorated CP-induced immune suppression, suggesting that L. plantarum 200655 may have the potential to enhance the immune system.