• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.28 no.7
• /
• pp.1085-1086
• /
• 2007

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.422-428
• /
• 2024

The detection of high levels of cyclic imine (CI) toxins, noted for their neurotoxic effects, in imported shellfish products represents a significant public health concern for South Korea. In this study, we investigated the levels of CI contamination in these imported products. Specifically, we focused on spirolides (SPX-C), pinnatoxin (PnTX), and gymnodimine-A (gym-A), utilizing advanced LC/MS/MS analytical techniques. Samples collected from a range of imported shellfish revealed substantial contamination, with SPX-C being detected at 227.84 ppt in New Zealand mussels, PnTX-G at 80.42 ppt in Chilean mussels, and GYM-A at 118.79 ppt in New Zealand mussels. These findings are particularly alarming, given that the concentrations of CIs in shellfish from certain countries often exceed those found in South Korean products, posing a potentially significant risk to public health when these contaminated products are imported. On the basis of our findings, we advocate the urgent implementation of stringent regulatory measures to control and mitigate the health hazards associated with these toxins in shellfish products. Additionally, we emphasize the importance of ongoing monitoring and continuous research to gain a better understanding of these risks and to develop effective strategies for their management, which will thereby contribute to protecting consumer health in the context of increasing global seafood trade.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.7 no.4
• /
• pp.230-237
• /
• 1963

The synthesis of 2-methyl-5,5'-gem-disubstituted-$\Delta^2$-thiazolines has been undertaken by two methods. The first involves the preparation of gem-disubstituted N-or S-acetylamino mercaptan intermediates by ring opening of the corresponding thiiranes with ammonia. The second consists of the ring opening of gem-disubstituted ethylene imines using thiolacetic acid. The thiirane rings have never been opened under conditions as vigorous as that of using sodium amide in liquid ammonia. This is probably due to retardation by the gem-disubstituents. In contrast to this, the corresponding ethylene imine ring opens easily, in spite of the same stereochemical situation. The stabilization of gem-disubstituted cyclic compounds has been discussed from a stereochemical point of view. It has been concluded from the results of this work that the compression effect of gem-disubstitution is not due to bond angle deformation, which was observed by Thorpe and Ingold, but mostly to an electronic bond interaction of the gem-disubstituents and to the hetero atom(s), if any.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.50-56
• /
• 2011

The electrochemical reduction of (2,4-difluoro-phenyl)-(2-phenyl-1H-quinolin-4-ylidene)-amine was investigated in 0.1 M tetrabutylammoniumbromide in N,N-dimethylformamide at glassy carbon electrode (GCE) using the technique of cyclic voltammetry at the room temperature (290 K). The reduction of imines occurs in two successive steps, involving one electron in each. In this medium the first peak was observed at about -0.793 V (vs Ag/$Ag^+$) at the glassy carbon electrode surface, which is more stable and well defined as compared to the second peak. The diffusion coefficient ($D_0$) of imine in the investigated solvent media has been calculated using the modified Randles-Sevcik equation. The electron transfer coefficient ($\alpha$) of the reactant species has also been calculated.