• 한국자원식물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.152-159
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• 2017

식품의 가공 시 농축, 건조, 살균 등을 목적으로 가열공정이 필수적으로 요구된다. 또한 다양한 원료가 혼합될때 원료 본연의 pH는 타 혼합원료의 영향으로 변화되게 된다. 본 연구는 아로니아의 가공조건에 따른 안토시아닌의 함량감소에 영향에 미치는 인자인 온도, pH, 가온시간, 수분함량 및 citric acid 첨가 등에 따른 안토시아닌 함량감소 억제효과를 검토하였다. 가공공정에서 안토시아닌 함량을 감소시키는 요인으로는 pH, 온도, 가온시간, 수분함량이 가장 영향을 주었다. 아로니아에 함유된 안토시아닌은 산성에서 안정하다고 보고된 바가 있으나, 수분함량 9%이하의 분말의 경우 pH 6이하에서는, 가열온도와 시간에 따른 안토시아닌 함량감소가 고수분함량 시료에 비하여 적었다. 가열온도에 따른 총 안토시아닌 함량변화는 $40^{\circ}C$이하에서는 안정한 편이나, $40^{\circ}C$ 이상 $60^{\circ}C$는 감소속도가 서서히 증가하고, $60^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 급격하게 감소속도가 증가되었다. 일반적으로 사용하는 열풍순환건조기를 이용한 건조에서 건조효율을 참작한 적정최저온도라 할 수 있는 $65^{\circ}C$에서 수분함량 9%의 아로니아 분말은 40시간 가열처리로 50%가 소실되었다. 이러한 결과는 아로니아를 건조할 때 유효성분인 안토시아닌의 감소를 억제하기 위하여 가열온도를 $40^{\circ}C$ 이상에서 장시간 건조하지 않아야 함을 나타낸다. Juice 상태의 $65^{\circ}C$ 수용액 중에서는 10시간 만에 50%가 감소되었으며, juice 상태의 $85^{\circ}C$ 수용액 중에서는 4시간만에 50%가 감소되었다. 저수분 함유 조건에서 아로니아 분말에 함유된 안토시아닌의 안정성에 영향을 미치는 것은 온도 및 시간 변수가 가장 큰요인이며, 이러한 요인은 아로니아 뿐만 아니라 안토시아닌을 함유하는 과일류에 공통으로 적용될 것으로 생각된다. 본 연구는 아로니아에 함유된 안토시아닌의 함량을 다양한 방법을 이용하여 분석하였다. 총 안토시아닌 분석은 이전부터 사용하던 UV-VIS 분광광도계를 이용하는 방법을 사용하였으며, 이 방법은 최근 방법인 LC-MS/MS 분석법에 비하여 신속하다는 장점은 있지만 정확도가 떨어지는 것으로 사료된다. 특히 안토시아닌 종류(Cyanidin-3-Galactoside, Cyanidin-3-Glucoside, C3-Arabinoside)별 함량의 구분도 불가능하다. 이러한 분석의 어려움으로 2013년, 2015년 특허(Jang and Park et al., 2013; Lee and Jung et al., 2015)에서도 아로니아에 함유된 주종 안토시아닌으로 Cyanidin-3-glucoside를제시하고 있으며, 본 연구에서는 LC-MS/MS 분석결과 아로니아에 함유된 주종 안토시아닌은 Cyanidin-3-galactoside인 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국영양학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국영양학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.187-187
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• 2004

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제53권5호
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• pp.527-534
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• 2021

The demand for sustainable extraction of bioactive compounds from food matrices has been increasing. Water extraction of anthocyanins in aronia was investigated using conventional and ultrasonic-assisted methods. The optimum extraction conditions for the conventional method included a sample-to-water ratio of 1:40 g/mL, extraction temperature 71℃, and extraction time of 39 min. The optimized conditions for ultrasonic-assisted extraction were a sample-to-water ratio of 1:40 g/mL, extraction temperature 80℃, extraction time of 20 min, and an amplitude of 87.2 ㎛. The anthocyanin contents of the two extracts were 155.32 and 158.02 mg/100 g fresh weight, respectively. The major anthocyanins were cyanidin 3-galactoside (65% of the total) and cyanidin 3-arabinoside (30% of the total). The contents of individual anthocyanins and phenolic acids were not significantly different between the two optimized extracts.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.102-109
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• 2008

품종별에 따른 복분자 딸기 열매의 항산화 활성 및 기능성 성분 함량을 비교 분석하였다. 우수한 품종으로 개발한 정금 1, 2, 3, 4, 5호(10년생)와 도입종 블랙베리(Rubus fructicosus)를 사용하였다. DPPH법을 이용한 항산화 활성은 2 mg/㎖ 농도에서 46.58에서 78.55% 범위에 있었으며, 이 중 정금 1호의 항산화 활성이 우수하였다. 총 페놀 함량과 비타민 C 함량 및 안토시아닌 중 베리류의 대표성분인 cyanidin 3-glucoside의 함량을 측정한 결과 정금 1호가 다른 품종에 비해 우수한 결과를 나타내었다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.30-33
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• 2015

Anthocyanins are water soluble plant pigments which are responsible for the blue, red, pink, violet colors in several plant organs such as flowers, fruits, leaves and roots. In recent years, anthocyanin-rich foods have been favored as dietary supplements and health care products due to diverse biological activities of anthocyanins including antioxidant, anti-allergic, anti-diabetic, anti-microbial, anti-cancer and preventing cardiovascular disease. High-performance countercurrent chromatography (HPCCC) coupled with reversed-phase medium pressure liquid chromatography (RP MPLC) method was applied for the rapid and efficient isolation of cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) and peonidin 3-glucoside (P3G) from black rice (Oryza sativa L., Poaceae). The crude black rice extract (500 mg) was subjected to HPCCC using two-phase solvent system composed of tert-butyl methyl ether/n-butanol/ acetonitrile/0.01% trifluoroacetic acid (TBME/B/A/0.01% TFA, 1 : 3 : 1 : 5, v/v, flow rate - 4.5 mL/min, reversed phase mode) to give enriched anthocyanin extract (37.4 mg), and enriched anthocyanin extract was sequentially chromatographed on RP-MPLC to yield C3G (16.5 mg) and P3G (8.7 mg). The recovery rate and purity of isolated C3G were 76.0% and 98.2%, respectively, and those of P3G were 58.3% and 96.3%, respectively. The present study indicates that HPCCC coupled with RP-MPLC method is more rapid and efficient than multi-step conventional column chromatography for the separation of anthocyanins.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.282-286
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• 2016

Cyanidin-$3{\beta}$-D-glycoside (C3G), which is widely distributed in herbal medicines and functional foods, exhibits anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anti-scratching behavioral effects. Orally administered C3G is metabolized to protocatechuic acid (PA) by gut microbiota. Therefore, we compared the anti-colitic effect of C3G to that of PA in mice with 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis. Orally administered C3G and PA preventively and curatively ameliorated TNBS-induced colitis parameters, including macroscopic colitis score, colon shortening, and increase of myeloperoxidase activity. Treatment with C3G or PA also inhibited the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, inducible NO synthatase, $IL-1{\beta}$, IL-6, and $TNF-{\alpha}$ and the activation of $NF-{\kappa}B$ in the colon of mice with TNBS-induced colitis. Furthermore, these also inhibited lipopolysaccharide-induced $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and $TNF-{\alpha}$ expression in peritoneal macrophages. The anti-colitic effect of PA was more effective than C3G. Orally administered PA more potently attenuate colitis than C3G by inhibiting $NF-{\kappa}B$ activation and the anti-colitic efficacy of C3G may be dependent on the biotransformation of C3G to PA by gut microbiota.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제51권2호
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• pp.173-178
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• 2006

Anthocyanin in blackish purple rice is composed of cyanidin, peonidin, malvidin, pelargonidin and delphinidin flavylium ion and their glucosides, which shows antioxidant activity similar to a-tocoperol. It has been demonstrated that cyanidin-3-glucoside(C3G) of anthocyanin has a high-potency antioxidant activity, and is a prominent in anticancer and antithrombotic activity. In analysis of content of anthocyanin from the genetic source of blackish purple rice, the level of C3G was approximately 80% of total contents of anthocyanins, and showed the highest content in Heugjinjubyeo, of which contains an amount of 500 mg by weight of 100g brown rice in comparison that most of varieties has less than 50mg by weight of 100g brown rice. We found that C3G pigment in blackish purple rice was considerably affected by cultural season, cultivation area, ripening temperature, and weather condition, etc. as well as genetic properties. In cross combination between Heugjinjubyeo and Suwon425, intermediate parent $F_9$ generation which was three times higher or more in C3G content than that of Heugjinjubyeo was bred, of which it contained an amount of 1678 mg by weight of 100g brown rice, and we called it 'C3GHi' Rice. And, we found that the C3GHi rice was more excellent than that of the existing Heugjinjubyeo in anticancer and antithrombotic activity. Methanol extract from Heugjinjubyeo was fractionated by organic solvents in order of n-hexane, $CH_{2}Cl_2$ and n-BuOH, and then oryzafuran, quercetin, vanillic acid and protocatechuic acid and their structures from the n-BuOH fraction were ascertained. Oryzafuran of these compounds was a natural compound found firstly in nature. Quercetin and protocatechuic acid besides new compound oryzafuran showed excellent antioxidant ability to vitamin C. These results suggest that blackish purple rice has very high value as a source of various functional food as well as staple food.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.353-361
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• 2011

In this study, cyanidin-3-glucoside (C3G) fraction extracted from the mulberry fruit (Morus alba L.) was investigated for its neuroprotective effects against oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) and glutamate-induced cell death in rat primary cortical neurons. Cell membrane damage and mitochondrial function were assessed by LDH release and MTT reduction assays, respectively. A time-course study of OGD-induced cell death of primary cortical neurons at 7 days in vitro (DIV) indicated that neuronal death was OGD duration-dependent. It was also demonstrated that OGD for 3.5 h resulted in approximately 50% cell death, as determined by the LDH release assay. Treatments with mulberry C3G fraction prevented membrane damage and preserved the mitochondrial function of the primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD for 3.5 h in a concentration-dependent manner. Glutamate-induced cell death was more pronounced in DIV-9 and DIV-11 cells than that in DIV-7 neurons, and an application of $50{\mu}M$ glutamate was shown to induce approximately 40% cell death in DIV-9 neurons. Interestingly, treatment with mulberry C3G fraction did not provide a protective effect against glutamate-induced cell death in primary cortical neurons. On the other hand, treatment with mulberry C3G fraction maintained the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in primary cortical neurons exposed to OGD as assessed by the intensity of rhodamine-123 fluorescence. These results therefore suggest that the neuroprotective effects of mulberry C3G fraction are mediated by the maintenance of the MMP and mitochondrial function but not by attenuating glutamate-induced excitotoxicity in rat primary cortical neurons.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.188-193
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• 1975

우리나라의 산간지방(山間地方)에 야생(野生)하는 머루중(中)의 anthocyanin의 구조(構造)를 확인(確認)하였다. 머루에서 0.5% HCl methanol로 추출(抽出)하여 얻은 색소(色素) 추출액(抽出液)을 Amberlite IRC-50 이온 교환수지관(交換樹脂管)을 통과(通過)시켜 정제(精製)하고, Paper chromatography에 의하여 개별색소(個別色素)를 분리(分離)하였다. 각(各) 개별색소(個別色素)에 대하여 부분(部分) 산가수분해(酸加水分解), 결합당(結合糖)의 확인시험(確認試驗), aglycone의 alkali 분해(分解), paper chromatography에서 얻어진 $R_f$치(値), 가시부(可視部)에서의 흡수(吸收) spectra 측정(測定) 등에 의하여 구조(構造)를 확인(確認)하였다. 확인(確認)된 머루중(中)의 7가지 색소(色素)는 delphinidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3-monoglucoside, cyanidin 3-monoglucoside, delphinidin 3,5-diglucoside, malvidin 3-monoglucoside, petunidin 3,5-diglucoside 및 malvidin 3,5-diglucoside 이었으며 cyanidin 3,5-diglucoside로 추측되는 색소(色素) 4-b는 확인(確認)되지 못하였다.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.179-183
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• 1998

The cyanidin 3-glucoside (C3G) extracted from pigmented rice seeds in 0.5% TFA (Trifluoro acetic acid) -95% ethanol was separated by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). A HPLC system using a Develosil ODS-5 column and 0.1 % TFA-$H_2O$～0.1 % TFA-$CH_3CN$ gradient elution was selected for separation and quantitative determination of C3G. Regression equation obtained for the standard content of C3G pigment was as Y=21.95293$^*$X-14.726771 (r=0.99$^{**}$). Using this method, 326 domestic and introduced collections were evaluated for the C3G content. The Korean bred cultivar 'Heugjinjubyeo', showed highest C3G content (552 mg/100g seed) among the tested cultivars. Among the pigmented rice cultivars ten cultivars were selected for containing a high content of C3G. The content of C3G per 100g seeds was in high order as follows: Heugjinjubyeo (552mg)>Cheng Chang (321mg)>Kilimgeugmi (240mg)>PI160979-2 (224mg)>Hong Shei Lo (221mg)>Heugnambyeo (191 mg)>Mitak =PIl60979-1 (186mg)>Suwon425 (163mg)>Sanghaehyanghyeolla (108mg). The C3G pigment was not detected in the common white rice cultivars.