• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.383-390
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• 2010

A newly isolated active producer of raw-starch-digesting amyloytic enzymes, Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis CICIM-CU F0088, was screened and identified by morphological characteristics and molecular phylogenetic analyses. This fungus was isolated from the soil of Chinese glue pudding mill, and produced high levels of amylolytic activity under solid-state fermentation with supplementation of starch and wheat bran. Results of thin-layer chromatography showed there are two kinds of amyloytic enzymes formed by this strain, including one $\alpha$-amylase and two glucoamylases. It was found in the electron microscope experiments that the two glucoamylases can digest raw corn starch and have an optimal temperature of $70^{\circ}C$. These results signified that amyloytic enzymes secreted by strain Rhizopus microsporus var. chinensis CICIM-CU F0088 were types of thermostable amyloytic enzymes and able to digest raw corn starch.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.583-592
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• 2005

한우 거세우에 대한 Cu의 급여효과를 규명하기 위하여 농후사료중의 Cu 수준을 사료 kg당 7 mg, 12 mg 또는 17 mg의 3개 처리구에 각 5두씩 계 15두를 공시하여 435일간 비육시험을 실시한 결과는 다음과 같다. 일당증체량은 비육전기, 비육중기 및 비육후기 전기간에 걸처 Cu 7mg, 12mg 또는 17 mg 급여구간에 차이가 없었고 비육 전기간 평균에서도 각각 0.75, 0.76, 0.75kg으로서 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 사료섭취량은 처리구간에 비육전기에는 9.21-9.64 kg, 비육중기에는 9.53-9.75kg, 비육후기에는 10.09-10.93 kg으로 비육시기별로 큰 차이가 없었고 비육전기간에는 9.86-10.21 kg으로 처리구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 사료효율은 비육전기에는 11.08-11.72, 비육중기에는 13.60-14.34, 비육후기에는 14.01- 15.20으로 처리구간에 큰 차이는 없었고 비육전기간에서도 13.31-13.99로 처리간에 차이가 없었다. 한우 거세우에게 Cu를 급여하였을 때 도체율은 58.4-59.2%로 처리구간에 차이는 없었다. 육량등급중에서 등지방두께는 8.2-10.4 mm로 처리구간에 큰 차이는 없었다. 배최장근단면적은 대조구와 12 mg 및 17 mg 급여구가 각각 78.4, 82.2 및 79.8 $cm^2$로 처리구간에 차이는 없었다. 육량지수는 68.10-68.91로서 처리구간에 차이는 없었다. 육량등급은 모두 B 등급으로서 처리구간에 차이가 없었다. 육질등급에서 가장 중요한 요인인 근내지방도는 Cu 7mg, 12mg 또는 17mg 급여구가 각각 3.6, 4.8 및 4.2로서 12 mg 첨가구가 약간 높게 나타났으나 처리구간에 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 육색, 지방색, 조직감 그리고 성숙도 등에서도 Cu 첨가구간에 큰 차이가 없었다. 육질등급은 처리구간에 모두 1등급을 받았고 Cu 수준간에 차이가 없었다. 경제성분석 결과 조수익은 대조구에서는 두당 2,577,483원, Cu 12mg 급여구는 2,920,432원, Cu 17mg 급여구는 2,653,227원으로써 Cu 12 mg 급여구가 7mg 급여구에 비해 13.3%, 17 mg 급여구에 비해 10.1%가 높게 나타났다. 이상과 같은 결과들을 종합해 볼 때 한우 거세우에게 농후사료 중에 Cu를 사료 kg당 7, 12 또는 17 mg을 넣어 주었을 때 성장, 육량 및 육질등급에서는 처리간에 차이가 없었으나 경제성에서는 12 mg 급여구가 조수익이 높았다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.573-579
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of different copper (inorganic and organic) and energy (tallow and glycerol) sources on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, gas emission, diarrhea incidence, and fecal copper concentration in growing pigs by using a 2${\times}$2 factorial design. In this trial, 96 pigs (63 d of age) were employed, with an average initial weight of 28.36${\pm}$1.14 kg. The dietary treatments were i) basal diet with 134 ppm copper (Korea recommendation) as $CuSO_4$+tallow; ii) basal diet with 134 ppm Cu as $CuSO_4$+glycerol; iii) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+tallow; and iv) basal diet with 134 ppm copper as CuMet+ glycerol. Throughout the entire experimental period, no differences were noted among treatment groups with regard to the magnitude of improvement in ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake) and G/F (gain:feed) ratios. The nitrogen (N) digestibility of pigs fed on diets containing organic copper was improved as compared with that observed in pigs fed on diets containing inorganic copper (p<0.05). An interaction of copper${\times}$energy was observed in the context of both nitrogen (p<0.05) and energy (p<0.01) digestibility. Ammonia emissions were significantly lower in the organic copper-added treatment groups than in the inorganic copperadded treatment groups (p<0.05). Mercaptan and hydrogen sulfide emissions were reduced via the addition of glycerol (p<0.05). No significant effects of copper or energy source, or their interaction, were observed in reference to diarrhea appearance and incidence throughout the entirety of the experimental period. The copper concentration in the feces was significantly lower in the organic copper source treatment group than was observed in the inorganic copper source treatment group (p<0.05). The results of this experiment show that organic copper substituted for inorganic copper in the diet results in a decreased fecal copper excretion, but exerts no effect on performance. The different energy (tallow and glycerol) sources interact with different copper sources and thus influence nutrient digestibility. Glycerol supplementation may reduce the concentrations of odorous sulfuric compounds with different Cu sources.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.701-713
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• 2021

Objective: The present work was undertaken to evaluate the effects of storage time, choline chloride, and high concentrations of Cu and Zn on the kinetic behavior of vitamin degradation during storage in two vitamin premixes and four vitamin-trace mineral (VTM) premixes. Methods: Two vitamin premixes (with or without 160,000 mg/kg of choline) were stored at 25℃ and 60% humidity. Besides, four VTM premixes were used to evaluate the effects of choline (0 vs 40,000 mg/kg) and trace minerals (low CuSO4+ZnO vs high CuSO4+ZnO) on vitamin stability in VTM premixes stored in room, and the VTM premixes were stored in room temperature at 22℃. Subsamples from each vitamin and VTM premix were collected at 0, 1, 2, 3, 6, and 12 months. The retention of vitamin A (VA), vitamin D3 (VD3), vitamin E (VE), vitamin K3 (VK3), vitamin B1 (VB1), vitamin B2 (VB2), vitamin B3 (VB3), vitamin B5 (VB5), and vitamin B6 (VB6) in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes during storage was determined. The stability of vitamins in vitamin premixes and VTM premixes was determined and reported as the residual vitamin activity (% of initial) at each sampling point. Results: The effect of choline on VK3 retention was significant in vitamin premixes (p<0.05). The negative effect of storage time was significant for the retentions of VD3, VK3, VB1, VB2, VB5, and VB6 in vitamin premix (p<0.05). For VTM premixes, negative effect of storage time was significant (p<0.05) for the losses of vitamin in VTM premixes. Choline and high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly increased VA, VK3, VB1, and VB2 loss during storage (p<0.05). The supplementation of high concentrations of Cu and Zn significantly decreased the concentrations of VD3 and VB6 (p<0.05) in VTM premixes at extended storage time. Conclusion: The maximum vitamin stability was detected in vitamin and VTM premixes containing no choline or excess Cu and Zn. The results indicated that extended storage time increased degradation of vitamin in vitamin or VTM premixes. These results may provide useful information for vitamin and VTM premixes to improve the knowledge of vitamin in terms of its stability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.124-135
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• 2003

In order to prevent pollution from animal waste, the excretion of nutrients should be reduced through proper nutritional management. Among the many nutrients of concern, such as N, P, Cu, Zn and K, P is one of the most concerned nutrients to be managed. Seven feeding trials, three with layers and four with broilers, were conducted to determine if microbial phytase supplementation can reduce non-phytate phosphorus (NPP) level in diets and results in concomitant reductions of P excretion. The results showed that microbial phytase can be successfully used to achieve these purposes. Activity of natural phytase in certain plant feedstuffs is high enough to be considered in feed formulation. Three experiments have been conducted to study the characteristics of plant phytase and its application to feeding of broilers. Selected brands of wheat bran could be successfully used as a source of phytase in broiler feeding.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제9권6호
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• pp.732-736
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• 1999

The superoxide dismutase (SOD) in Lactococcus lactis was measured quantitatively and qualitatively under various culture conditions. The L. lactis SOD was induced by oxidative stress. As the concentration of paraquat to produce superoxide radicals increased, the growth of L. lactis decreased with concomitant increase of SOD activity. The SOD activity was found to be growth-phase dependent: when aerobically grown cells entered to the stationary phase, the activity increased gradually until the late stationary phase. From inhibition studies, L. lactis SOD was found to be insensitive to KCN and $H_2O_2$ which are known to inhibit Cu/ZnSOD and FeSOD, respectively. Moreover, as the concentration of manganese in the medium increased, the activity of SOD also increased. These data strongly suggested that L. lactis possessed a single manganese-containing SOD (MnSOD). Finally, a putative sod gene fragment of 510 bp was identified in L. lactis using a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with degenerate primers designed from the deduced DNA sequences of known SOD genes.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.257-262
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• 1999

Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is the most frequent causative agent of acute bacterial pneumonia. Outstanding characteristic of pneumococcus is an ample polysaccharide capsule that is highly anti-genic agent and is the major factor for classification of pneumococcus into more than 94 serotypes. In this study, production of capsular polysaccharide from Streptococcus pneumoniae type 23 was optimized by supplementation of metal ions or by modulation of culture conditions. When brain heart infusion (BHI) broth was supplemented with 1 mM concentration of $CaCl_2$, $CuSO_4$ and $MgSO_4$, growth of pneumococcus as well as polysaccharide yield were stimulated. Also slight aeration gave rise to better polysaccharide yield.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제38권5호
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• pp.380-385
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• 2005

This study was designed to investigate the effects of mulberry leaf powder supplementation on lead (Pb) status and mineral (Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn) content in Pb-administered rats for 4 weeks. Thirty two male rats were divided into 4 groups: a control, Pb, Pb5M (500 ppm $Pb + 5\%$ mulberry leaf powder), and Pb10M (500 ppm $Pb + 10\%$ mulberry leaf powder). There were no significant differences in food intake and initial body weight among groups. Mulberry leaf powder treatments showed significant decreases in food efficiency ratio and body weight gain. But FER of $Pb5M\%$ and Pb10M were significantly increases than that of Pb group. The levels of serum aspartate transaminase (AST) and creatinine were decreased by mulberry leaf powder treatment. Minerals content of liver and kidney were significantly decreased in the Pb groups than that of control group. Whereas, fecal minerals content were significantly increased in the Pb5M and Pb10M than those of control group. Pb content of serum, liver and kidney was significantly increased in the Pb group than those of control group. However, by mulberry leaf powder administration (Pb5M and Pb10M), Pb level of serum, liver and kidney were lowered than that of Pb group. And fecal Pb excretion was significantly increased in the Pb5M and Pb10M than that of Pb group. These results showed mulberry leaves were effective for lowing Pb accumulation in serum, organs, which may have potential to prevent Pb toxicity.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.213-218
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• 2013

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementing additional sucrose, in the form of black sugar (BS), into the diet of Holstein dairy cows on dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield, and milk composition. Eight Holstein dairy cows ($741{\pm}65.8kg$ body weight) were divided into two groups, including the control and BS groups. Animals in the control group were offered a total mixed ration (TMR) ad libitum, and the BS group was offered TMR with 300 g of BS/head/d. After two weeks of adaptation period, the animal performance, including DMI, milk yield and milk composition, was measured. Cows supplemented with BS appeared to consume more feed than that by the controls (i.e., 17.08 and 18.28 kg/d for the control and BS groups, respectively). However, there were no significant differences between treatments. Milk yield or milk composition, such as milk fat, milk protein, lactose, solids-non-fat, total solids and pH, did not differ between treatments. However, there was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the concentration of milk urea nitrogen (MUN). The MUN concentration of the BS group was approximately 15% lower than that of the control group (i.e., 18.75 vs. 16.05 mg/dL for the control and BS groups, respectively), which suggests improved nitrogen metabolism in the animals. The somatic cell count was numerically lower in the cows of the BS group compared to those in the control group. However, a significant difference was not noted due to the substantial amount of variation among cows. In terms of the trace mineral composition for milk, the concentration of Cu from BS animals was higher (p<0.05) than that of the control animals. In summary, supplementing the diets of dairy cows with BS marginally affected animal performance and improved nitrogen metabolism. The level of supplementation and other factors, such as animal variation were discussed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.371-377
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• 1995

The effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\beta}$-carotene supplementation on reducing the oxidative damag in the liver of rats were studied. Forth-five male Sprague Dawley aged 4 weeks were randomly assigned to 9 groups of five for the 12 weeks of the study. Nine groups, sardine oil, sardine oil＋Vt E, sardine oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, soybean oil, soybean oil＋Vt E, soybean oil＋${\beta}$-carotene, lard, lard＋Vt E, lard＋${\beta}$-carotene group, were prepared. Sardine oil, soybean oil, or lard was used for dietary fat and 200% of ${\alpha}$ -tocopherol or 150% of ${\beta}$-carotene was supplemented to each diet. Each diet supplied 65% of total energy as carbohydrate, 15% as protein, and 20% as lipid. The MDA value and protein carbonyl contents of sardine oil group were significantly different(p<0.05) to those of other fat groups indicating that the most severe lipid oxidation occurred in the group fed diet containing highly polyunsaturated fatty acid. When ${\alpha}$-tocopherol or ${\beta}$ -carotene was supplemented to the sardine oil diet, MDA value(-35%, -15%, respectively) and protein carbonyl content(-44%, -32%, respectively) decreased significantly(p<0.05). Cu, Zn-superoxide dismutase(SOD) and catalase activities of three different sardine oil groups with or without antioxidants were lower than those of soybean oil or lard group. The reducing effect of ${\alpha}$-tocopherol on oxidative damage in sardine oil group supplemented with ${\alpha}$-tocopherol was noticeable(p<0.05). However the adverse effect of ${\beta}$-carotene was observed. SOD and catalase activities of ${\beta}$-carotene supplemented groups were that the lowest among the same fat groups, but the differences were not statistically significant. The possible cause of decreased enzyme activity seemed to be related to the vitamin A(Vt A) toxicity in the liver where retinol converted from dietary ${\beta}$-carotene in the intestinal mucosa was stored.