• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Surface Engineering Conference
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• 2001.11a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2001

TiN coatings were applied for VarIOUS application fields, because of a good wear-resistance and a high hardness. Typically, TiN thin films show the hardness of 25GPa and friction coefficient of 0.6. However, in many field, one is looking for a more improved tool which has low friction coefficient and high wear resistance. The main motivation of this study is to characterize the influence of copper dopant content on TiN thin films. Ti-Cu-N thin films were deposited onto D2 steel substrates by PVD processing with various magnetron current densities (Cu contents). In this work, we synthesized titanium nitride films similar with reported typical titanium nitride films and synthesized Ti-Cu-N thin films with the addition of elemental copper which is measured improved hardness more than pure TiN films with copper content variables. This films has preferred oriented films of (111) direction. In addition, It was found that there is a strong correlation between content of various metal and film characteristics such as preferred orientation, grain size, hardness and friction coefficient and so, in future study, improved mechanical properties of TiN films can be controlled by change in target current density. The Ti-Cu-N film will show apparent hardness improvement and mechanical properties enhancement, when doping element is added onto TiN thin films. Film structure, chemical composition, mechanical properties were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy(EDS), wear resistance tester and nanohardness tester.

• Proceedings of the Korean Vacuum Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.163-163
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• 2000

In this research, we used the ion irradiation technique which has an advantae in improving intentionally the properties of surface and interface in a non-equilibrium, instead of the conventional annealing method which has been known to improve the material properties in the equilibrium stat. Cu/Co multilayered films were prepared on SiN4/SiO2/Si substrates by the electron-beam evaporation for the Co layers and the thermal evaporation for the Cu layers in a high vacuum. The ion irradiation with a 80keV Ar+ was carried out at various ion doses in a high vacuum. Hysteresis loops of the films were investigated by magneto-optical polar Kerr spectroscopy at various experimental conditions. The change of atomic structure of the films before and after the ion irradiation was studied by glancing angle x-ray diffraction, and the intermixing between Co and Cu sublayers was confirmed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy. The surface roughness and magneto-resistance were measured by atomic force microscopy and with a four-point probe system, respectively. During the magneto-resistance measurement, we changed temperature and the direction of magnetization. From the results of experiments, we found that the change at the interfaces of the Cu/Co multilayered film induced by ion irradiation cause the change of magnetic properties. According to the change in hysteresis loop, the surface inplane component of magnetic easy axis was isotropic before the ion irradiation, but became anisotropic upon irradiation. It was confirmed that this change influences the axial behavior of magneto-resistance. Especially, the magneto-resistance varied in accordance with an external magnetic field and the direction of current, which means that magneto-resistance also shows the uniaxial behavior.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.497-503
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• 1998

Cyclodextrinase from B. stearothemophilus KJ16 that can produce both cyclodextrin(CD) glucanotransferase and cyclodextrinase was purified 87.6-fold with 7% yield by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose chromatog-raphy, Sephadex G-100 chromatography, and FPLC. The molecular weight of the purified enzyme was about 68,000 dalton by SDS-PAGE. The optimal pH and temperature were 6.0 and 55$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was stable at 5$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hr in the pH range of 5.5 and 8.5. The enzyme activity was inhibited strongly by mercaptoethanol, di-thiothreitol, p-chloromercuribenzoate, N-bromosuccinimide, $Cu^{+2}$and $Hg^{+2}$. The purified enzyme hydrolyzed CDs with$\gamma$-CD>$\beta$-CD>$\alpha$-CD. The enzyme also hydrolyzed linear maltodextrins and polysaccharides, but the rates of hyd-rolysis for such substrates were slow as compared to that for $\gamma$-CD. The final degradation products with all substrates were maltose and glucose. Maltose was not further hydrolyzed.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.663-667
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• 1996

Acid phosphatase (EC 3.1.3.2) from Welsh onion was partially purified by Sephacryl S-200 gel filtration and CM-Sepharose CL-6B ion exchange chromatography. The optimum pH and temperature of acid phosphatase from green onion were pH 5.5 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively. The enzyme was the most stable at pH 6.0 and unstable above pH 9.0. The activation energy of the enzyme was determined to be 4.86kcal/mole. The enzyme utilized p-nitrophenyl phosphate most as a best substrate among tested possible substrates, while 5'-GMP and 5'-IMP were poor substrates for the enzyme. $K_{m.app.}$ of the enzyme with p-nitrophenyl phosphate as a substrate was identified as 0.87mM. Among metal ions and inhibitors tested, $Cr^{+++},\;Zn^{++},\;Cu^{++}$, molybdate and metavanadate ions inhibited the enzyme reaction drastically.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.1259-1264
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• 2014

Hydrogen is in the world limelight for future energy source, and it has been already used in various industry fields including aerospace. The extremely fine molecule of the hydrogen can be easily leaked from tiny size of the crack on the surface of transporting pipes or storage tanks, and it could bring on awfully terrible disaster. In this study, Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS) was employed to develope a reliable detection scheme for a small quantity of hydrogen leakage. Effect of three different metal substrates (i.e. Al, Cu, SUS) on plasma generation and the intensity of the hydrogen atomic signal was investigated, and the surface damage of the substrates due to repetitive laser shots was observed using Scanning electron microscope. It was also evaluated how the surface damage could distort the atomic signal. The intensity of the atomic signal was found to be the strongest, and the signal distortion due to the surface damage was approximately $100W/m^2$ lower when Al was used for the substrate.

• Current Photovoltaic Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.45-49
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• 2020

Molybdenum (Mo) thin films are widely used as back contact in copper indium diselenide (CISe) solar cells. However, despite this, there are only few published studies on the properties of Mo and characteristics of CISe solar cells formed on such Mo substrates. In this studies, we investigated the properties of sputter deposited Mo bilayer, and fabricated non-vacuum CISe solar cells using bilayer Mo substrates. The changes in surface morphology and electrical resistivity were traced by varying the gas pressure during deposition of the bottom Mo layer. In porous surface structure, it was confirmed that the electrical resistivity of Mo bilayer was increased as the amount of oxygen bonded to the Mo atoms increased. The resulting solar cell characteristics vary as the bottom Mo layer deposition pressure, and the maximum solar cell efficiency was achieved when the bottom layer was deposited at 7 mTorr with a thickness of 100 nm and the top layer deposited at 3 mTorr with a thickness of 400 nm.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.12-17
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• 2004

High critical current density. $J_c$ over $1MA/cm^2$ at 77 K in a self field was successfully achieved from the YBCO film prepared on (100) $SrTiO_3$ single-crystal substrates by the TFA-MOD process. Unlike a normal TFA-MOD process, we prepared the TFA precursor solution by dissolving YBCO powder into the trifluoroacetic acid. A significant amount of the second phases, including $BaF_2$, was observed in the films fired at $700-725^{\circ}C$ for 2 h under $P(O_2)=10^{-3}$ atm and $P(H_2O)=4.2%$, most probably due to an insufficient reaction time, and hence $T_c$ was greatly degraded. However the films fired at $750-800^{\circ}C$ for 2 h were composed of strongly c-axis oriented YBCO grams without any second phases. and exhibited the $T_c$ values of 89.5 ~ 91 K with a sharp transition. With increasing the firing temperature from 750 to $800^{\circ}C$ average grain size of YBCO was increased and grain connectivity was enhanced. The highest $J_c$ value of $1.1MA/cm^2$ was obtained from the YBCO film fired at $800^{\circ}C$.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.28-29
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• 2006

The magnetic properties of a series of both annealed and as-rolled Ni-$W_y$ alloy tapes with compositions y = 0, 1, 3, and 5 at.%, were studied. To compare with Ni-W alloys, the magnetic properties of a series of both annealed and as-rolled $[Ni_{97at.%}W_{3at.%}]_{100-x}Cu_x$ alloy tapes with compositions x = 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 at.%, were studied, as well. Both the isothermal mass magnetization M(H) of a series of samples, such as both Ni-W and [Ni-W]-Cu alloy tapes, at different fixed temperatures and M(T) in fixed field, were measured using a PPMS-9 (Quantum Design). The degree of ferromagnetism of Ni-$W_y$ alloys have reduced as W-content y increases. Both the saturation magnetization $M_{sat}$ and Curie temperature $T_c$ decrease linearly with W-content y, and both $M_{sat}$ and $T_c$ go to zero at critical concentration of $y_c$ ~ 9.50 at.% W. The effect of Cu addition on both the saturation magnetization $M_sat$ and Curie temperature $T_c$ decrease linearly with Cu-content x in $[Ni_{97at.%}W_{3at.%}]_{100-x}Cu_x$ alloy tapes with compositions x = 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 at.%. The results confirm that [Ni-W]-Cu alloy tapes can have much reduced ferromagnetism as Cu-content x increases.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.20 no.12
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• pp.661-668
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• 2010

Cu(In,Ga)$Se_2$(CIGS) photovoltaic thin films were electrodeposited on Mo/glass substrates with an aqueous solution containing 2 mM $CuCl_2$, 8 mM $InCl_3$, 20 mM $GaCl_3$ and 8mM $H_2SeO_3$ at the electrodeposition potential of -0.6 to -1.0 V(SCE) and pH of 1.8. The best chemical composition of $Cu_{1.05}In_{0.8}Ga_{0.13}Se_2$ was found to be achieved at -0.7 V(SCE). The precursor Cu-In-Ga-Se films were annealed for crystallization to chalcopyrite structure at temperatures of 100-$500^{\circ}C$ under Ar gas atmosphere. The chemical compositions, microstructures, surface morphologies, and crystallographic structures of the annealed films were analyzed by EPMA, FE-SEM, AFM, and XRD, respectively. The precursor Cu-In-Ga-Se grains were grown sparsely on the Mo-back contact and also had very rough surfaces. However, after annealing treatment beginning at $200^{\circ}C$, the empty spaces between grains were removed and the grains showed well developed columnar shapes with smooth surfaces. The precursor Cu-In-Ga-Se films were also annealed at the temperature of $500^{\circ}C$ for 60 min under Se gas atmosphere to suppress the Se volatilization. The Se amount on the CIGS film after selenization annealing increased above the Se amount of the electrodeposited state and the $MoSe_2$ phase occurred, resulting from the diffusion of Se through the CIGS film and interaction with Mo back electrode. However, the selenization-annealed films showed higher crystallinity values than did the films annealed under Ar atmosphere with a chemical composition closer to that of the electrodeposited state.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.624-630
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• 2017

In this study, we investigated the overpotential of precipitation related to the catalytic activity of electrodes on the initial process of electrodeposition of Co and Co-Ni alloys on polycrystalline Cu substrates. In the case of Co electrodeposition, the surface morphology and the magnetic property change depending on the film thickness, and the relationship with the electrode potential fluctuation was shown. Initially, the deposition potential(-170 mV) of the Cu electrode as a substrate was shown, the electrode potential($E_{dep}$) at the $T_{on}$ of electrodeposition and the deposition potential(-600 mV) of the surface of the electrodeposited Co film after $T_{off}$ and when the pulse current was completed were shown. No significant change in the electrode potential value was observed when the pulse current was energized. However, in a range of number of pulses up to 5, there was a small fluctuation in the values of $E_{dep}$ and $E_{imm}$. In addition, in the Co-Ni alloy electrodeposition, the deposition potential(-280 mV) of the Cu electrode as the substrate exhibited the deposition potential(-615 mV) of the electrodeposited Co-Ni alloy after pulsed current application, the $E_{dep}$ of electrodeposition at the $T_{on}$ of each pulse and the $E_{imm}$ at the $T_{off}$ varied greatly each time the pulse current was applied. From 20 % to less than 90 % of the Co content of the thin film was continuously changed, and the value was constant at a pulse number of 100 or more. In any case, it was found that the shape of the substrate had a great influence.