• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.1417-1427
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• 2019

In this study, we evaluated the performance of a commercial pixelated cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector for spectroscopy and identified its feasibility as a Compton camera for radiation monitoring in a nuclear power plant. The detection system consisted of a $20mm{\times}20mm{\times}5mm$ CZT crystal with $8{\times}8$ pixelated anodes and a common cathode, in addition to an application specific integrated circuit. The performance of the various radioisotopes $^{57}Co$, $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, and $^{137}Cs$ was evaluated. In general, the amplitude of the induced signal in a CZT crystal depends on the interaction position and material non-uniformity. To minimize this dependency, a drift time correction was applied. The depth of each interaction was calculated by the drift time and the positional dependency of the signal amplitude was corrected based on the depth information. After the correction, the Compton regions of each spectrum were reduced, and energy resolutions of 122 keV, 356 keV, 511 keV, and 662 keV peaks were improved from 13.59%, 9.56%, 6.08%, and 5%-4.61%, 2.94%, 2.08%, and 2.2%, respectively. For the Compton imaging, simulations and experiments using one $^{137}Cs$ source with various angular positions and two $^{137}Cs$ sources were performed. Individual and multiple sources of $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, and $^{137}Cs$ were also measured. The images were successfully reconstructed by weighted list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization method. The angular resolutions and intrinsic efficiency of the $^{137}Cs$ experiments were approximately $7^{\circ}-9^{\circ}$ and $5{\times}10^{-4}-7{\times}10^{-4}$, respectively. The distortions of the source distribution were proportional to the offset angle.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.187-193
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• 2019

In this paper, we conducted a case study for lower grade elementary school students by modifying and applying lesson plan of CS Unplugged v4.1. Software education was introduced in the 2015 revised national curriculum in Korea, but the starting age is later than the other countries. Also most projects and researches are concentrated in higher grade elementary school students. It is necessary to lower the entry age of software education in order to nurture human resources leading the fourth industrial revolution era. In this study, we modified the lesson plan of CS Unplugged v4.1 to be suitable for lower grade elementary school students in Korea. The participants were 18 students in the first grade of elementary school, pre&post-test on understanding of computer science principles were conducted for examining the effectiveness. As a result, the average was significantly higher in the post-test than in the pre-test, with t=-2.222, p=0.040(p < .05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Nuclear Society Conference
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• 1996.05c
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• pp.385-390
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• 1996

Cs는 AW500 에서 높은 분배계수 값(K$_{Cs}$>$10^3$$m\ell$/g)을 얻었으며 , Sr은 13X, 평형 용액의 pH=10의 조건에서 최대의 분배계수값(K$_{Sr}$~$10^4$$m\ell$/g)을 보였고, 평형용액의 pH 증가에 따라서 급격히 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 또한 AW500-Cs와 13X-Sr계는 고액비, 즉 V/m=40, 및 초기용액의 pH가 3 이상에서 최대의 분배계수 값을 얻었으며, 혼합제올라이트의 비(AW500/13X)가 1.5인 조건에서 Cs과 Sr을 효과적으로 동시에 분리할 수 있음 보았다. 그리고 1,10$0^{\circ}C$에서 배소한 AW500-Cs는 CsAlSi$_2$O$_{6}$로 재결정되며 , 13X-Sr은 SrAI$_2$Si$_2$O$_{8}$ 및 SiO$_2$상(phase)으로 재결정한다.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.51-55
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• 1999

Cesium titanium(III) pyrophosphate 화합물인 CsTiP2O7을 합성하고 X절 회절법을 이용하여 그 결정구조를 해석하였다. 이물질은 단사정계의 P21/a 공간군으로 결정화되었고 a=8.369(2) , b=10.208(2) , c=7.752(1) , β=104.77(2)o, V=640.4(2) 3, and Z=4이다. 이 물질의 구조는 모서리를 공유하고 있는 TiO6 팔면체와 P2O7 pyrophosphate group들로 구성된 framework로 구성되어 있으며 그 결과로 형성된 tunnel 안에는 Cs+이온이 존재한다. CsTiP2O7은 ATiP2O7(A=K, Rb)와 KAIP2O7 그리고 AMoP2O7(A=K, Rb, Cs)등 다른 +3금속 pyrophosphate들로 유사한 구조를 가지고 있다. 이 물질은 [Cs+][Ti3+][P2O74-]의 식으로 표현할 수 있다.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2011

To improve the mechanical properties, such as durabilities and antioxidative characteristics, the covalently cross-linked (CL-) SPEEK (sulfonated polyether ether ketone)/Cs-substituted HPA (heteropoly acid) organic-inorganic composite membranes (CL-SPEEK/Cs-HPAs), have been intensively investigated. The composite membrane were prepared by blending cesium-substituted HPAs (Cs-HPAs), including tungstophosphoric acid (TPA), molybdophosphoric acid (MoPA), and tungstosilicic acid (TSiA) with cross-linking agent content of 0.01 mL. And composite electrolytes composed of Cs-HPAs, prepared by immersion (imm.) and titration (titr.) methods to increase the stability of HPAs in water, were applied to polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysis (PEME). As a result, the proton conductivity of Cs-substituted composite membranes increased rapidly over $60^{\circ}C$ but mechanical properties, such as tensile strength, decreased in accordance with added Cs content. The bleeding-out of Cs-TPA membranes by titration method (50 vol.% Cs) decreased steadily to 2.15%. In the oxidative stability test by Fenton solution, the durability of membranes with Cs-HPA significantly increased. In case of CL-SPEEK/ Cs-TPA membrane, duration time increased more than 1200 hours. It is expected that even though CL-SPEEK/Cs-MoPA membrane shows the high proton conductivity, electrocatalytic activity and cell voltage of 1.80 V for water electrolysis, the CL-SPEEK/Cs-TPA (imm.) is more suitable as an alternative membrane in real system with the satisfactory proton conductivity, mechanical properties, anti-oxidative stability and cell voltage of 1.89 V.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.3-18
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• 1997

This study was conducted to evaluate desorption efficiencies by types of desorption solvent for polar and non-polar organic compounds collected on activated charcoal tubes. Analytes tested were toluene, m-xylene, isobutyl alcohol, n-butyl alcohol, cellosolve acetate, and butyl cellosolve. Three different concentration levels of spiked sample were made. Types of cosolvent mixed with the main solvent, $CS_2$, were methanol, pentanol, and dimethylformamide (DMF) and the cosolvent for methylenechloride was methanol. The amounts of cosolvent added to the main solvent were 1, 5, and 10% by volume (v/v%), respectively. The results were as follows: 1. For all mixed solvents except 1% methanol and 1% pentanol with $CS_2$, desorption efficiency significantly increased, compared with that of $CS_2$ alone. 2. Desorption efficiency increased by increasing analyte loading on charcoal tube regardless of mixed solvents used and the material polarity. 3. For all cosolvents mixed with $CS_2$ by 1% and 5% volume, desorption efficiency for non-polar compound was significantly higher than that of polar compound. For the 10% mixed solvents and the methylenechloride mixed with methanol, the results were opposite. 4. The lowest mean percent bias of 4.79% was obtained from the 5% DMF-$CS_2$ mixed solvent, followed by 4.82% from the 10% DMF-$CS_2$ solvent while the highest bias of 23.26% was from the solvent of $CS_2$ alone. Based on the results of this study, in order to increase desorption efficiency, it is recommended to add such cosolvents as methanol, pentanol, and DMF to $CS_2$, preferably 5% by volume for analyzing polar compounds collected in charcoal tubes.

• Journal of Sensor Science and Technology
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.234-242
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• 1998

Changes in transmission and thermoluminescent characteristics were used in order to find out the optimum growth condition of CsI single crystal scintillators which were made relatively defect-free using Czochralski method. Impurity distribution in the crystals and the intensity and number of thermoluminescent glow peaks decreased as the process of crystallization was repeated. The direction of crystal growth turned out to be (110), the crystal structure of grown CsI was bee, and its lattice constant was found to be $4.568{\AA}$. The activation energy (trap depths) of CsI:3rd was 0.45 eV and its frequency factor was $5.18{\times}10^5\;sec^{-1}$.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.456-460
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• 2020

In this research, a radiation detection backpack to be used discreetly or by a wide range of users was developed using array silicon-photomultiplier (SiPM) and CsI (Tl), and its characteristics were evaluated. The R-squared value, which indicates the responsiveness of a detector based on the signal intensity, was determined to be 0.981, indicating a good linear responsivity. The energy resolutions for gamma radiation energies of Co-57 (122 keV), Ba-133 (356 keV), Cs-137 (662 keV), and Co-60 (1332 keV) were found to be 13.40, 10.50, 6.77, and 3.16%, respectively. These results confirm good energy resolution characteristics. Furthermore, in the case of mixed sources, the gamma radiation peaks were readily distinguishable, and the R-squared value for energy linearity was calculated to be 0.999, demonstrating an exceptional energy linearity. Further research based on the results of this study would enable the commercialization of lightweight SiPM-based wireless radiation detection backpacks that can be used for longer durations by replacing the photomultiplier tube, which is mainly used as the optical sensor in existing radiation detection backpacks.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.203-211
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• 2001

In this paper it was described on the intereference effect of uranium to analyze Cs in $UO_2$ by Electron Probe Micro Analysis(EPMA) and the beam stability of Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity for some Cs compounds. According to the experimental results, the CsI showed the highest $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity among the tested Cs compounds at the experimental condition; 15~30 kV of accelerating voltage and PET, LiF crystal. When 100 nA of beam current was applied to Cs compounds, Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity was continuously decreased with increasing time. The decreasing rate of Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray intensity was directly proportional to the applied beam current and accelerating voltage but inversely proportional to the applied beam size. It was found that uranium interference can be prevented by using Cs $L_{\alpha}$ X-ray wavelength of Lif crytal for Cs analysis in $UO_2$ by EPMA.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.166-176
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• 1996

The fundamental conditions for growing $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystal, new nonlinear optical material, were investigated. Stoichiometirc mixture of $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ composition resulted in the crystal of the same composition in the process of heating at the temperature above $600^{\circ}C$. No phase transition was observed in the $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystal in the temperature range of $600^{\circ}C~800^{\circ}C$, and $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystal melted congruently at $850^{\circ}C$. When the melt of this composition was cooled at rates of $1~150^{\circ}C/hr$, glass state ingot was formed regardless of cooling rates. However, $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ crystals were formed directly from the melt at any cooling rate in the presence of $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ seed crystal in the melt. Transparent $CsLiB_{6}O_{10}$ single crystal was grown from the melt using the seed crystal at the growing rate of 0.06 mm/hr in the furnace having the temperature gradient of $100^{\circ}C/cm$. Analysis of the single crystal showed that the crystal belonged to the noncentrosymmetric tetragonal space group 142d and unit cell dimensions were $a=10.467(1)\;{\AA},\;c=8.972(1)\;{\AA}\;and\;V=983.0(2)\;{\AA}^3$. Optical absorption edge of the crystal was observed at 180mm and the crystal showed a good optical transparency (70% transmittance, sample thickness 0.5 mm) in the wide wavelength range above 300 nm.