• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.38-42
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• 2004

The cryogenic system for 6.6 kV/200 A inductive superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL) was developed at Yonsei university in 2003. The sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system could be applied to not only SFCL but also many other applied high-Tc superconducting (HTS) devices like superconducting motor, superconducting generator and superconducting magnetic energy storage (SMES). Generally, the cooling capacity of GM-cryocooler depends on the load temperature. Therefore it is necessary to perform the cooling capacity test at no load condition to calculate the exact cooling power and heat load of cryogenic system. In this research, the cooling capacity test of GM-cryocooler was executed and the heat load of developed cryogenic system was calculated. The long run operation test results of sub-cooled nitrogen cryogenic system were successful in pressure and temperature condition. Moreover, the design and fabrication method of cryogenic system were introduced and the test results were described.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 2017

Recently, Research and development activity of HTS (High Temperature Superconducting) power application is very progressive worldwide. Especially, HTS cable system and HTSFCL (HTS Fault current limiter) system are proceeding to practical stages. In such system and equipment, cryogenic cooling system, which makes HTS equipment cooled lower than critical temperature, is one of crucial components. In this article, cryogenic cooling system for HTS application, mainly cable, is reviewed. Cryogenic cooling system can be categorized into conduction cooling system and immersion cooling system. In practical HTS power application area, immersion cooling system with sub-cooled liquid nitrogen is preferred. The immersion cooling system is besides grouped into open cycle system and closed cycle system. Turbo-Brayton refrigerator is a key component for closed cycle system. Those two cooling systems are focused in this article. And, each design and component of the cooling system is explained.

• Current Industrial and Technological Trends in Aerospace
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.48-58
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• 2009

Since 1960s, cryogenic cooling technologies has been adopted in the development of spacecraft with components that must be cooled to cryogenic temperatures of 2 to 150 K. In recent years this technology has been a substantial growth in the emerging number of programs that include such spacecraft to service scientific, military, and weather observation missions. The cooling of optics and detectors to reduce signal noise in infrared (IR) telescopes is the principal applications of cryogenic cooling technologies. The choice of cooling technologies depends on the desired temperature level, the amount of heat to be removed, and the required operating life. This paper will present the status of modern cryogenic cooling technologies especially for space application.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.247-251
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• 2017

Titanium alloy has been widely used in the aerospace industry because of its high strength and good corrosion resistance. During cutting, the low thermal conductivity and high chemical reactivity of titanium generate a high cutting temperature and accelerates tool wear. To improve cutting tool life, cryogenic machining by using a liquid nitrogen (LN2) jet is suggested. In cryogenic jet cooling, evaporation of LN2 in the tank and transfer tube could cause pressure fluctuation and change the cooling rate. In this work, cooling uniformity is investigated in terms of liquid nitrogen jet pressure in cryogenic jet cooling during titanium alloy turning. Fluctuation of jet spraying pressure causes tool temperature to fluctuate. It is possible to suppress the fluctuation of the jet pressure and improve cooling by using a phase separator. Measuring tool temperature shows that consistent LN2 jet pressure improves cryogenic cooling uniformity.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.146-151
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• 2024

The demand for research on materials with excellent cryogenic strength and ductility has been increasing, particularly for applications such as liquid hydrogen (20 K) storage tanks. To effectively utilize liquid hydrogen, a system capable of maintaining and operating at 20 K is essential. Therefore, preliminary research and verification of the cooling system are crucial. In this study, a heat transfer analysis was conducted on a cooling system to meet the cryogenic environment requirements for cryogenic hydrogen chamber, which are conducted at liquid helium temperatures (4 K). The cooling mechanism in a helium cooling system was examined using numerical analysis. The numerical cooling trends were compared with experimentally obtained cooling results. The good agreement between numerical and experimental results suggests that the numerical approach developed in this study is applicable over a wide range of cryogenic systems.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.19-24
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• 2021

As the size of semiconductor devices decreases, the etching pattern becomes very narrow and a deep high aspect ratio process becomes important. The cryogenic etching process enables high aspect ratio etching by suppressing the chemical reaction of reactive ions on the sidewall while maintaining the process temperature of -100℃. ESC is an important part for temperature control in cryogenic etching equipment. Through the cooling path inside the ESC, liquid nitrogen is used as cooling water to create a cryogenic environment. And since the ESC directly contacts the wafer, it affects the temperature uniformity of the wafer. The temperature uniformity of the wafer is closely related to the yield. In this study, the cooling path was designed and analyzed so that the wafer could have a uniform temperature distribution. The optimal cooling path conditions were obtained through the analysis of the shape of the cooling path and the change in the speed of the coolant. Through this study, by designing ESC with optimal temperature uniformity, it can be expected to maximize wafer yield in mass production and further contribute to miniaturization and high performance of semiconductor devices.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.29-32
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• 2009

The conduction cooling HTS SMES magnet is operated in cryogenic temperature. The insulation design at cryogenic temperature is an important element that should be established to accomplish miniaturization that is a big advantage of HTS SMES. However, the behaviors of insulators for cryogenic conditions in air or vacuum are virtually unknown. Therefore, we need active research and development of insulation concerning application of the conduction cooling HTS SMES. Specially, this paper was studied about high vacuum and cryogenic temperature breakdown and flashover discharge characteristics between cryocooler and magnet-coil. The breakdown and surface flashover discharge characteristics were experimented at cryogenic temperature and vacuum. Also, we were experimented about mechanical properties of 4-point bending test. From the results, we confirmed that about research between cryocooler and magnet-coil established basic data in the insulation design.

• Journal of Hydrogen and New Energy
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.615-622
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• 2023

In this study, the theoretical analysis focused on the quantity of liquid hydrogen required for cooling down to 20 K, as well as the generation of boil-off gas (BOG) from the cooling process of the cryogenic components. The study involved calculating the amount of liquid hydrogen needed to achieve the desired temperature for the cryogenic components and subsequently determining the resulting BOG production at various reference temperatures. It was shown that it was important to efficiently lower the temperature of cryogenic parts through preliminary cooling. As a result, the reference temperature and pressure had an influence on the BOG generation on the cooling of cryogenic components using liquid hydrogen.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.34-39
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• 2018

A cryogenic cooling system is designed for a 154 kV/ 2 kA three-phase hybrid type superconducting fault current limiter (SFCL). The superconducting modules of the SFCL have the operating condition of 71 K at 500 kPa. The total heat load of the SFCL including the cooling system is estimated at 9.6 kW. The cooling system of the closed loop is configured to meet the operating condition, depending on cooling methods of forced flow cooling and re-liquefaction cooling. The cooling system is composed of three cryostats with superconducting modules, cryocoolers, liquid nitrogen circulation pumps, a subcooler and a pressure builder. The basic cooling concept is to circulate liquid nitrogen between three SFCL cryostats and the cryocooler, while maintaining the operating pressure. The design criterion for the cooling system is based on the operation results of the cooling system for a 154 kV/2 kA single-phase hybrid SFCL. The specifications of system components including the piping system are determined according to the design criterion.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.44-54
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• 2024

High-Manganese (Mn) austenitic steel, with over 24 wt% Mn content, offers outstanding mechanical properties in cryogenic settings, making it a potential replacement for existing cryogenic materials. This high manganese steel exhibits high strength, ductility, and wear resistance, making it promising for applications like LNG tanks, flanges, and valves. To operate in cryogenic environments, hot forging and heat treatment processes are vital, especially in flange production. The cooling rate during high-temperature cooling after hot forging plays a critical role in influencing the microstructure and mechanical properties of high manganese steel. The rate at which cooling occurs during this process influences the size of the grains and the distribution of manganese and consequently has an impact on mechanical properties. This study assessed the microstructure and mechanical properties based on different cooling rates during the hot forging of High-Mn steel flanges. Comparing air and water cooling after hot forging, followed by heat treatment, revealed notable differences in grain size. These differences directly impacted mechanical properties such as tensile strength, hardness, and Charpy impact property. Understanding these effects is crucial for optimizing the performance and reliability of High-Mn steel in cryogenic applications.