• Mycobiology
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.270-285
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• 2017

The crustose lichen genus Pertusaria comprises over ca. 800 species worldwide. In total, 20 Pertusaria species were localized to the Mt. Sorak and Jeju-do in Korea. To date, information regarding the distribution of Pertusaria species in the South Korean peninsula is scarce. In this study, we collected Pertusaria species across South Korea and identified them based on morphological, chemical, and molecular characteristics. Of the 387 samples collected, we identified 24 taxa and 1 variety, of which 17 were previously recorded, and 6 taxa were newly found in South Korea (P. leioplaca, P. leucosora var. violascens, P. texana, P. thiospoda, P. thwaitesii, and P. xanthodes), 2 known species were transferred to Varicellaria (Varicellaria lactea and V. velata), one species was transferred to Variolaria as a new record (Variolaria multipunctoides) and one was a new species (P. jogyeensis J. S. Park & J.-S. Hur, sp. nov.). Characteristics of the newly discovered species, P. jogyeensis, are as follows: smooth to bumpy thallus, scattered to crowded poriform apothecia, blackish ostioles, definitely sunken, thin yellowish green rims around ostioles, 8-spored ascus, and the presence of perlatolic acid and thiophaninic acid (chlorinated xanthone). Phylogenetic studies on P. jogyeensis based on the mitochondrial small subunit sequence revealed proximity to P. flavicans and P. texana, and supported its classification as a new species within the genus Pertusaria. Additionally, we describe the chemical composition and morphology of all listed species in detail and provide an artificial key for identification.

• 보존과학연구
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• s.32
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• pp.99-112
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• 2011

The three-storied stone pagoda located in Seungansaji temple site consists mainly of medium to fine-grained biotite granite and granitic gneiss, and partly macrocrystalline gneiss, muscovite gneiss and gabbro. The surface of the stone pagoda is extensively colonized by lichen and moss due to surrounding trees and lawns, and severly deteriorated. Therefore, a comprehensive deterioration diagnosis has been carried out and conservation treatment was conducted in this study. For the conservation treatment, dry cleaning is performed throughout all the surface of the pagoda for naturally grown lichen and biological contaminants using a soft brush and wooden knife. Crustose lichen strongly adhere to the surface was removed by wet cleaning using distilled water. Also, protective railings were reinstalled to an appropriate height with taking the distance from the stone pagoda into account. Finally, the ground around the stone pagoda was repaired with clay sand, and dike was installed with a natural gradient to facilitate water drainage.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.38 no.6 s.175
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• pp.675-687
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• 2005

The rocks of the five storied stone pagoda in the Jeongrimsaji temple site are 149 materials in total with porphyritic biotite granodiorite. They include pegmatite veinlet, basic xenolith and evenly developed plagioclase porphyry. This stone pagoda has comparably small fracture and cracks which are farmed in the times of rock properties, but surface exfoliation and granular decomposition are in process actively since the rocks are generally weakened from the influence of air contaminants and acid rain. Structural instability of constituting rocks in the 4th roof materials are observed to occur from distortion and tilt. Such instability is judged to threat stability of the upper part of the stone pagoda. Also, chemical weathering is operating even more as the contaminants, ferro-manganese hydroxides eluted from water-rock interaction on the rock surface. Most of the rock surface is covered with yellowish brown, dark black and light gray contaminants, and especially occur in the lower part of the roof rocks on each floor. The roof underpinning rocks are severe in surface pigmentation from manganese hydroxides and light gray contaminants. The surface of rocks lives bacteria. algae, lichen, or moss and diverse productions in colors of light gray, dark Bray and dark green. Grayish white crustose lichen grows thick on the surface with darkly discolored by fungi and algae in the first stage on basement rocks, and weeds grows wild on the upper part of each roof rocks. This stone pagoda must closely observe the movements of the upper part rock materials through minute safety diagnosis and long term monitoring for structural stability. Especially since the surface discoloration of rocks and pigmentation of secondary contaminants are severe, establishment of general restoration and scientific conservation treatment are necessary through more detailed study for this stone pagoda.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.529-536
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• 2017

The study is intended to investigate the proliferation of whitening, the impact of climate change (sea temperature rise) on the proliferation of whitening, and the reproduction and growth of crustose coralline algae, which causes the whitening, in the coast of Jeju Island. The size of the whitening-affected area in the coast of Jeju was 2,931ha in 1998 and increased to 4,541ha in 2003. The whitening occurred mainly in the southern coast of Jeju in 1998 but spread across the whole coast of Jeju by 2003, except in the coast of Jocheon-eup (eup refers to an administrative district in Korea) and Gujwa-eup. The average sea water temperature in February from 1992 to 2004 was $15.1^{\circ}C$ in the whitening affected area and $13.9^{\circ}C$ in the marine forest area, showing a clear difference, but there was no difference in the average temperature in August. The long-term (37-year period) average of the sea temperature was $15.3^{\circ}C$ in the whitening affected area and $14.1^{\circ}C$ in the marine forest area, showing $1.2^{\circ}C$ higher in the whitening area. The annual rate of sea temperature rise was $0.038^{\circ}C$ in the whitening area and $0.024^{\circ}C$ in the marine forest area, indicating the higher long-term variation of sea temperature in the water affected by whitening. The results indicate that the continuous increase in winter water temperature due to climate change is expanding proliferation of whitening in the Jeju island.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.574-584
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• 1997

Benthic marine algae of Shinjido located on the southern coast of Korea have been investigated to know the floristic composition and community structure. The study was conducted from the intertidal to subtidal zones at two different locations (Kangdok and Donggori) using a line transect method from January to October, 1994. A total of 120 species of marine algae were identified, and they includes 15 green algae, 31 brown algae and 74 red algae. Of these, 87 and 104 species of marine algae occurred at Kangdok and Donggori, respectively. Algal vegetations were divided into three different zonations: the upper, the middle and the lower zones. The representative species are Enteromorpha compressa, Ulva pertusa, Porphyra suborbiculata, lshige okamurae in the upper zone; Hizikia fusiformis, Sargassum thunbergii, Gigatina intermedia, Corallina pilulifera in the middle zone; Pachymeniopsis elliptica, Gelidium amansii, Sargassum horneri in the lower zone. In terms of biomass the dominant species were U. pertusa, I. okamurae, H. fusiformis, C. thunbergii, C. pilulifera, C. amansii, C. tenella. The flora could be classified into six functional form groups such as the coarsely branched form $(36.7\%)$ the filamentous form $(27.5\%)$, the sheet form $(15.8\%)$, the thick leathery form $(10.0\%)$, the jointed calcarious form $(5.0\%)$ and the crustose form $(5.0\%)$.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.39 no.6 s.181
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• pp.629-641
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• 2006

The Standing Buddha Statue in the Gwanchoksa temple consists of medium to coarse grained biotite granodiorite with dark grey color, and it has a week gneissosity along the pegmatite veins. The results of magnetic susceptibility and geochemical patterns of the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and the basement rock suggest that both values are formed from the co-genetic magma with the same differentiation process. The CIAs of the basement rock and the Standing Buddha Statue are calculated to 51.43 and 50.86, and the WPIs are estimated 4.52 and 8.95, respectively. So the weathering potential from the host rock of Standing Buddha Statue and basement rock prove to be high. The Standing Buddha Statue is terribly damaged with physical weathering from deterioration and exfoliation, and are scattered with secondary pollutant and precipitate. Basement rock is also in danger of ground collapse because of irregularly developed discontinuity system. Most surface of Standing Buddha Statue is seriously discolored into yellowish brown and dark gray, or black precipitates are also formed. Moreover, it is heavily covered with crustose lichen, fungi and algae, or moss are also found. In order to control the influential factors with the complex deterioration of Standing Buddha Statue, it is needed to rearrange a site environments, and conservation scientific management is required to protect it from covering lichens, exfoliations and fractures.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.242-246
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• 2002

Growth and tetraspore release pattern of lithophyllum yessoense (Rhodophyta, Corallinaceae) were investigated from March 2000 to July 2001. Pinkish tetraspores were 40.2 $\pm$ 0.4 $\mu$m in diameter. After release, tetraspores attached on substrate shortly. Culture conditions were five temperatures (5, 10, 15, 20, 25^{\circ}C), four irradiances (0, 20, 50, 100 $\mu$mol${\cdot}m^{-2}$${\cdot}s^{-1}$) and six salinities (0, 9, 17, 25, 34, 43 ppt). Maximum growth of gametophyte was occurred at $20^{\circ}C$, $20{\mu}mol\;m^{-2}$${\cdot}s^{-1}$, 16: 8h (L:D) and 34 put. Maximum relative growth rate was 0.1232 at $20^{\circ}C$. The amount of tetraspore release showed maximum at September as 266 cells per crust area ($cm^2$), and tetraspores did not release from January to March.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.607-618
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• 2013

Marine macroalgal community structures and characteristics of ocean environmental factors were examined seasonally at four sites in Jeju Island, Korea, from March to November 2012. A total of 71 macroalgal species were identified, including 9 green, 7 brown, and 55 red algae. Peyssonnelia capensis occurred at all study sites and in all seasons. The average annual biomass of seaweed was 991.84 g wet $wt/m^2$, with seasonal variations from 543.80 g in autumn to 1,284.17 $g/m^2$ in summer. A green alga, Codium coactum, was the dominant species, occupying 21.31% (211.39 $g/m^2$) of the total algal biomass in Jeju Island. Subdominant species were Ecklonia cava and Lithophyllum okamurae, comprising 20.85% (206.75 $g/m^2$) and 19.64% (194.75 $g/m^2$), respectively, of the total algal biomass in Jeju Island. The vertical distribution of subtidal seaweeds was represented by L. okamurae at 5 m depth, C. coactum at 10 m depth, E. cava at 5-10 m depth and P. capensis at the 20 m depth level. In the present study, crustose coralline algae, which predominated on barren ground, were subdominant species at all study sites. Community indices varied between 0.51-0.63 for dominance index (DI), 5.53-8.14 for richness index (R), 0.51-0.63 for evenness index (J'), and 2.04-2.32 for diversity index (H'). On the basis of seaweed biomass and community indices, Sinchang was the best preserved coastal area, showing maximal values in biomass, and evenness- and diversity-indices, and minimal value in the dominance index, representing stable environmental conditions. In contrast, the Onpyung and Topyeong sites, located near tourist venues such as Udo and Seogwipo were relatively poor habitats based on community indices and biomass. The present results could imply that climate changes alter seaweed community structure, and long-term monitoring of the study sites is required.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.191-201
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• 2014

Marine algal flora and community structure were investigated seasonally at three sites in subtidal zone of Wangdol-cho on the east coast of Korea from May 2012 to August 2013. A total of 122 species were collected and identified, including 12 green algae, 29 brown algae, and 81 red algae. Of these, 38 species were found throughout the survey period. Average seaweed biomass was 472.19-1,198.77 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in spring, 68.99-631.14 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in summer, 200.91-401.20 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in autumn, and 53.61-922.32 g wet wt. $m^{-2}$ in winter. The vertical distribution based on biomass were Grateloupia lanceolata, Acrosorium venulosum, Lomentaria catenata - Undaria pinnatifida, Dictyopteris pacifica, Sargassum horneri, Ecklonia cava - Desmarestia viridis, E. cava, S. horneri from upper to lower subtidal zone. The flora was classified into six functional groups: filamentous form (34.43%), coarsely branched form (25.41%), sheet form (24.59%), thick leather form (9.71%), crustose form (5.74%) and jointed calcareous form (0.82%). The C/P, R/P and (R+C)/P values reflecting the flora characteristics were 0.41, 2.79 and 3.21, respectively. Also, diversity index (H') and dominance index (DI) indicate that the algal community and environmental condition of Wangdol-cho is stable. We recommend that Wangdol-cho subtidal zone should be more protected from human activities such as turbulence and eutrophication in order to maintain species diversity and abundance of algae.

• Journal of Conservation Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.391-398
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate lichen as a typical biomass damage on the surfaces of flagpole-supporting stones in the Beopjusa temple. The lichens present on the flagpole-supporting stones were limited to five species. Two dominant lichen species were identified: Aspicilia sp. and Pertusaria flavicans. One foliose species and one fruticose species, which are rarely observed on crustose lichens, were identified as Xanthoparmelia conspersa and Ramalina sekika, respectively. The lichen inhabiting the black algae layer was confirmed as Leprocaulon textum. ATR-FTIR was performed to analyze the secondary metabolites synthesized by the lichens. By comparing the FTIR spectra of Xanthoparmelia conspersa and Ramalina sekika, the synthesized organic acids were confirmed to differ from each other. Furthermore, the spectral changes and characteristics due to functional groups in the molecules were confirmed.