• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.90-99
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• 2018

Objectives Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang is a Korean herbal medical treatment that removes toxic heat, fever and inflammation. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang treatment on the relief of atopic dermatitis (AD) through regeneration of skin lipid barrier. Methods Male NC/Nga mice (20 g, 6 week age) were used. Each 10 mice were allocated to the control group (Ctrl), the AD-induced with no treatment group (AE), and the group which induced AD after administering Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang extract (HT). To induce AD-like skin lesions, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) (Sigma-Aldrich, USA) was rubbed on the back of each mouse to remove the lipid lamella of the stratum corneum, and Dermatophagoides (D.) farinae crude extract was applied. HT group was orally administered Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang after induction of AD. IL-4 IL-13, $p-I{\kappa}B$, iNOS, Sudan Black B (SB), loricrin, and filaggrin were observed to confirm the effect. Results In HT group, AD skin score was decreased by 46%. The cytokine IL-4 and IL-13, which can identify Th2 differentiation, was reduced by 73% and 58% each. Anti-inflammatory effects were observed in $p-I{\kappa}B$ and iNOS by 69% and 54%, respectively. Finally, SB showed that the regeneration of the lipid layer and the increase of the regeneration power of loricrin and filaggrin were increased by 437% and 464%, respectively. Conclusions From the study result, we observed that Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang treatment alleviates AD by decreasing skin score, reducing Th2 differentiation, inducing anti-inflammatory, and increasing skin lipid barrier regeneration. Thus, Hwangnyeonhaedok-tang treatment would be considered as an effective AD relieving treatment.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.285-290
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• 1997

Previously, a 50% aqueous methanol extract of Galla rhois was shown to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibition activity with an {TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}(the concentration causing 50% inhibition of tyrosinase activity) of 0.2mg/ml of 205 crude drug extracts. To isolate tyrosinase inhibitors, the methanol extract was evaporated to a small volume in vacuo, and then partitioned stepwise with benzene and ethyl acetate(EtOAc). the EtOAc fraction was solubilized in 10% MeOH solution, and then fractionated successively by Diaion HP-20 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Three phenolic compounds were isolated, and characterized as gallic acid(GA), methyl gallate(MG) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-$\beta$-D-glucose(PGG) by UV, IR, {TEX}${1}^H${/TEX}-&{TEX}${13}^C${/TEX}-NMR, and FAB-MS spectroscopy, PGG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) showed a considerable inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase, while GA({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=1.6mg/ml) and MG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=234$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) did not show an appreciable effect. Meanwhile, MG inhibited greatly melanogenesis in a murine melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. MG and PGG showed typical noncompetitive inhibition patterns against mushroom tyrosinase. These results suggest that PGG and MG may be potentially useful as either anti-browning or anti-melanogenic agents in foods and cosmetics.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.155-163
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• 2018

In this study, the antibacterial activity of Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) ethanol extract against Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Cronobacter sakazakii, and Salmonella Enteritidis was investigated using the spot-on-lawn assay. The results showed that this extract exhibited antibacterial activities against Bacillus cereus (complete inhibition) and Staphylococcus aureus (partial inhibition), but did not inhibit the growth of Cronobacter sakazakii and Salmonella Enteritidis. This study shows that the Aronia melanocarpa (black chokeberry) ethanol extract was more effective against Gram-positive bacteria than Gram-negative bacteria. Hence, it is suggested that Aronia melanocarpa could be a useful food supplement, and could be utilized as a naturally derived additive for maintaining the safety of various dairy products. Furthermore, future research should be conducted to examine the possibility of using such products as functional ingredients for improving the anti-oxidative and anti-inflammatory activities of food products.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.43-50
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• 2008

This study used Omija extract as a natural congelation to compare and analyze soybean curd's physicochemical and sensory quality characteristics in order to improve functional benefits and taste of soybean curd. When Omija extract concentration increased, protein content went up considerably while crude fat and yield significantly decreased. In the pH change, the group with Omija extract were lower than control and the change was not much noticeable but slightly checked as the storage period was extended. The turbidity tended to increase as the storage period was longer. In the acidity change, the group with 0.5% Omija extract showed rapid increase on the 4th day after starting storage, and it can be interpreted that decomposition started at the moment. As the storage period was extended, brightness and yellowness remarkably decreased and redness considerably enhanced: higher concentration Omija extract worked to decreased brightness and to increase yellowness and redness. In accordance with the storage period, hardness, brittleness and gumminess increased and springness decreased, but there was no considerable change in cohesiveness: in accordance with the concentration, hardness, brittleness and gumminess significantly increased, but there was no considerable change in cohesiveness. In terms of sensory quality, the group with 1% of Omija extract showed the best appearance, flavor, taste and after swallowing results. The group with 1% Omija extract was the most preferred, $4.89{\pm}0.32$ in the overall preference. In conclusion, adding Omija extract can improve soybean curd's physicochemical and sensory quality characteristics. Moreover, the extracts can be expected to play an important role in encouraging Omija's value and widening its appliances to various food.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.219-230
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• 2004

This experiment was performed to examine the in vitro and in vivo affects of the two different haplotype strains of mice, BALB/c and C3H/HeN infected with Echinostoma hortense, and the manifestation of the profiles of cytokine in the splenocytes. In the in vitro experiment, the two mice's splenocytes were divided and stimulated with antigen of crude extracts and the antigen of excretory and secretory products of an adult warm and the manifestation of cytokine mRNA was verified with RT-PCR. As a result, the two different strains of mice both strongly manifested the Th2 cytokine rather than the Thl cytokine and in the case of the Th2 cytokine, the BALB/c mice manifested more strongly than the C3H/HeN mice. In the experiment using the ELISA method, the protem cytokine manifestation had the same result as the mRNA experiment. In the in vivo experiment, the mice was infected via oral route with the metacercaria of the Echinostoma hortense and the manifestation of cytokine was verified by RT-PCR and ELISA and the results were the same as the in vitro experiment. Therefore, in the two strains of BALB/c and C3H/HeN, the C3H/HeN showed a higher susceptivity to the Echinostoma hortense.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2010

Bacillus licheniformis N1, previously developed as a biofungicide formulation N1E to control gray mold disease of plants, was investigated to study the bacterial traits that may be involved in its biological control activity. Two N1E based formulations, bacterial cell based formulation PN1E and culture supernatant based formulation SN1E, were evaluated for disease control activity against gray mold disease of tomato and strawberry plants. Neither PN1E nor SN1E was as effective as the original formulation N1E. Fractionation of antifungal compounds from the bacterial culture supernatant of B. licheniformis N1 indicated that two different cyclic lipopeptides were responsible for the antimicrobial activity of the N1 strain. These two purified compounds were identified as iturin A and surfactin by HPLC and LCMS. The purified lipopeptides were evaluated for plant disease control activity against seven plant diseases. Crude extracts and purified compounds applied at 500 ${\mu}g/ml$ concentration controlled tomato gray mold, tomato late blight and pepper anthracnose effectively with over 70% disease control value. While iturin showed broad spectrum activity against all tested plant diseases, the control activity by surfactin was limited to tomato gray mold, tomato late blight, and pepper anthracnose. Although antifungal compounds from B. licheniformis N1 exhibited disease control activity, our results suggested that bacterial cells present in the N1E formulation also contribute to the disease control activity together with the antifungal compounds.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.75-84
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• 2000

Antibody responses in serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples from patients with active and chronic paragonimiasis and in sera from patients on whom follow-up studies were done after praziquantel treatment were analyzed using antigens of Paragonimus westermani prepared from eggs, metacercariae, juveniles of 4-and 7-week old, adult worms and recombinant protein of 28 kDa cruzipain-like cysteine protease (rPw28CCP). The patient sera/CSFs of active and chronic paragonimiasis revealed strong antibody reactions against the crude extracts of 4-and 7-week old juveniles as well as against those from egg and adult. rPw28CCP also showed specific reaction to the sera with active paragonimiasis. After the treatment, levels of specific antibodies in the sera gradually decreased to negative range in most patients. In some cases with persisting high antibody levels, however, the reactions at 27 kDa egg Protein were sustained throughout the observation period of 34 months. The reactions at 35 and 32 kDa in adult extract and rPw28CCP disappeared rapidly after the treatment. Persistent antibody reactions even after successful treatment are provoked by continuous antigenic challenge from eggs which were not resolved by treatment.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.751-754
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• 2013

Neurognathostomiasis is a severe form of human gnathostomiasis which can lead to disease and death. Diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis is made presumptively by using clinical manifestations. Immunoblotting, which recognizes antigenic components of molecular mass 21 kDa and 24 kDa in larval extracts of Gnathostoma spinigerum (Gs 21/24), has high sensitivity and specificity for diagnosis of neurognathostomiasis. However, only very small amounts of the Gs 21/24 antigens can be prepared from parasites harvested from natural or experimental animals. To overcome this problem, we recently produced a recombinant matrix metalloproteinase (rMMP) protein from G. spinigerum. In this study, we evaluated this rMMP alongside the Gs 21/24 antigens for serodiagnosis of human neurognathostomiasis. We studied sera from 40 patients from Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen University, Thailand, with clinical criteria consistent with those of neurognathostomiasis, and sera from 30 healthy control adults from Thailand. All sera were tested for specific IgG antibodies against both G. spinigerum crude larval extract and rMMP protein using immunoblot analysis. The sensitivity and specificity for both antigenic preparations were all 100%. These results show that G. spinigerum rMMP protein can be used as an alternative diagnostic antigen, in place of larval extract, for serodiagnosis of neurognathostomiasis.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.76-82
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• 1990

In samples taken from mouth of the Nakdong River, mercury-resistant bacteria grown on the media supplemented with over 20 ppm of mercuric chlorice were below 0.3% of all aerobic heterotrophs. Among them, seven strains grown over 100 ppm of mercuric chloride were isolated and all were identified as Pseudomonas. The toxic effect of mercury on the growth of the most resistant strain N14 was influenced by the organic compounds and concentration. The growth and physiological activity to N14 strain were affected by toxic mercury in the early stage: The viable count and glucose turn over rate of N14 strain dropped to the lowest level as soon as the bacteria came into contact with mercury. During the extended lag period, however, bacteria accommodated to the stress and the viable count and glucose turnover rate increased. After the lag period, bacteria began to proliferate and their growth reached similar level to that of control. In crude extracts of N14 strain grown in nutrient browth containing. $10{\mu}M$ $HgCl_{2}$, a mercuric ion dependent oxidation of NADPH was demonstrated. Therefore the mechanism of mercury-resistance of the N14 strain involved the elimination of the mercury from growth media. In the N14 strain which a wide range of resistance to antibiotics was observed in, four multiple plasmids were detected. As a result, the supposition that N14 strain has a plasmid-encoded enzyme system may be quite within the realms of possobility.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2001

This study was carried out to get the basic information for the submerged culture and analyze the biochemical components of Naematoloma sublateritium mycelia. The optimal temperature, pH, agitation speed and cultural time for the mycelial growth of Naematoloma sublateritium were $25^{\circ}C$, 5.5, 150rpm and 20 days, respectively. The proximate composition of mycelia was as follows; carbohydrate 55.8% (total sugar 48.7%), crude protein 22.4%, fat 4.1 % and ash 4.7% respectively. Among the free amino acid contents, phenylalanine, alanine and lysine were predominant component. The linoleic acid and palmitic acid were found to be the highest among the free fatty acids. The biopolymer extracts of mycelia was identified to be protein-bounded polysaccharide by color reaction and sepharose CL-4B gel chromatography.