• Title/Summary/Keyword: Crude drug

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Development of Analysis Method of Caffeine and Content Survey in Commercial Foods by HPLC (HPLC를 이용한 카페인의 분석법 개발 및 시판 식품중 함유량 조사)

  • Kim, Hee-Yun;Lee, Young-Ja;Hong, Ki-Hyoung;Lee, Chul-Won;Kim, Kil-Saeng;Ha, Sang-Chul
    • Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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    • v.31 no.6
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    • pp.1471-1476
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    • 1999
  • A simple and practical method for determination of caffeine in foods was developed. The analysis of caffeine was performed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography using a ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column at isocratic condition with methanol-acetic acid-water(20 : 1 : 79) on UV detector at 280 nm. The clean-up and extraction of caffeine in samples were based on a simple pretreatment using a Sep-Pak $C_{18}$ cartridge. Recovery rates obtained with this method for cider, candy, cookie, milk, ice cream and persimmon leaf tea were 99.23%, 99.50%, 99.17%, 99.37%, 98.93% and 99.10% respectively. And the detection limit of caffeine was $0.1\;{\mu}g/mL$. With this method, the range of caffeine contents extracted from coffee, green tea, black tea, Oolong tea(tea bag), soft drinks, ice cream, milk and commercial confectionery were $3.38{\sim}37.50\;mg/g,\;16.30{\sim}26.10\;mg/g,\;10.80{\sim}16.65\;mg/g,\;11.25\;mg/g,\;0.06{\sim}0.11\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.44\;mg/g,\;0.04{\sim}0.39\;mg/g\;and\;0.10{\sim}1.80\;mg/g$, respectively. But caffeine was not detected in the other tea such as Acanthopanax sessiliflorum tea, Angelica gigas tea, Angelica tea, Arrow root tea, Duchu'ng tea, Dunggulle tea, Ganoerma lucidum tea, Ginger tea powder, Persimmon leaf tea, Ssanghwa tea and Cocoa mix powder.

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Physicochemical properties of edible cricket (Gryllus bimaculatus) in different districts (산지별 식용 귀뚜라미의 이화학적 특성)

  • Kim, Eun-Mi;Kim, Dae-Hyun;Lim, Jeong-Ho;Chang, Yoon-Je;Lee, Yong-Hwan;Park, Jin Ju;Ahn, Mi-Young
    • Food Science and Preservation
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    • v.22 no.6
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    • pp.831-837
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    • 2015
  • Insects have gained increasing attention as an alternative protein and nutrient rich food source for humans. This study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical characteristics and harmful components of edible crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) in the 6 districts of Yeonggwang (YG), Jeongseon (JS), Wonju (WJ), Hwaseong (HS), Geochang (GC), and Chungju (CJ). The average crude protein and crude lipid contents on a dry basis were 64.34% and 16.60%, respectively. The crude protein content of CJ was the highest (67.40%), whereas YG (59.42%) had the lowest content. On the other hand, the crude fat content of YG was the highest (20.61%), whereas CJ (14.04%) had the lowest content. The unsaturated fatty acid contents were 57.97-63.93 g/100 g of the total fatty acid content in the crickets of the 6 districts. The major fatty acids of the crickets in the 6 districts were palmitic acid, oleic acid, and linoleic acid. Among the essential amino acids, valine, leucine, and lysine were the most abundant. GC had the highest total amino acids (57.93 g/100 g), whereas YG (48.65 g/100 g) had the lowest. Major mineral contents included potassium (K, 0.92~1.01 mg/100 mg) and phosphorus (P, 0.74~0.88 mg/100 mg). The mineral composition was fairly similar among the crickets. Crickets in the 6 districts were verified to have safe levels of residual heavy metals according to the Korea Food & Drug Administration (KFDA) advisory levels.

Evaluation of Physicochemical Properties and Enhancement of Antioxidant Activities of Dioscorea batatas by Stepwise Steaming Process (증숙 공정에 의한 마의 이화학적 특성 및 항산화 활성)

  • Kang, Moon-Kyung;Kim, Jin-Sook;Kim, Gi-Chang;Choi, Song-Yi;Kim, Kyung-Mi
    • Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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    • v.25 no.6
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    • pp.1049-1057
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    • 2015
  • This study investigated the physicochemical properties of Dioscorea batatas for improvement of biological activities during a three-step steaming process, steaming $120^{\circ}C$ for 30 min and hot air drying at $60^{\circ}C$ for 8 hrs. Samples were extracted with 70% ethanol and analyzed for free sugars, and organic acids were analyzed by HPLC. The DPPH & ABTS radical scavenging activities, crude saponin, water binding capacity, oil absorption, and ${\alpha}$-glucosidase activity were measured. The major free sugars in all samples were fructose, maltose, and sucrose, and the free sugar contents increased to 157~235% after the three-step steaming process compared to the control. Organic acid contents of samples treated by steaming increased to greater than 55.8 mg/100g. The ABTS radical scavenging activity significantly increased with repeated steaming process, especially after the three-step process. As the time of steaming process increased, DPPH radical scavenging activity increased from 26.99% fresh Dioscorea batatas to 80.46~97.79% after the three-step process. Crude saponin content increased rapidly as steaming time increased, but decreased after the three-step process steaming process. The water-binding capacities of the samples treated by steaming process were higher than that of the control, whereas oil absorption decreased as steaming time increased. From the results, steaming process could be suggested as beneficial for controlling fat intake. Compared to acarbose, a known antidiabetic drug, used as a positive control, ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity of samples treated by two-step steaming was among the samples. The results suggest that Dioscorea batatas treated by steaming process has antioxidative and anti-diabetis activities and can be used as a natural health product.

Quality Characteristics of Kanjang Prepared with Meju Cultivated on Different Soybean Cultivars with Bacillus subtilis var. globigii Seed Culture (Bacillus subtilis var. globigii 종균접종 메주로 제조한 콩 품종별 간장의 품질 특성)

  • Choi, Cheong;Choi, Jong-Dong;Chung, Hyun-Chae;Kwon, Kwang-Il;Im, Moo-Hyeog;Kim, Young-Ji;Seo, Jung-Sik;Choi, Kwang-Soo
    • Applied Biological Chemistry
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    • v.42 no.4
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    • pp.283-287
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    • 1999
  • This study was carried out to select the most suitable soybean cultivars for the quality kanjang preparation. Six cultivars of soybean, Taekwangkong, Kumjungkong #1, Sinpaldalkong #2, Hwangkeumkong, Danbaegkong and Danyeobkong, were used as the raw materials for kanjang preparations. Grain type meju was prepared by the inoculation of Bacillus subtilis var. globigii seed culture on the cooked soybean of respective cultivar and cultivation at $30^{\circ}C$ for 10 days. Two month matured respective kanjang mash, which was prepared by mixing meju and 20% salt brine in the ratio of 1 : 3, was separated and the liquid portions were used as kanjang samples for this work. The highest crude protein content of 47.5% was obtained from Danbaegkong cultivar among six soybean cultivars tested. High sugar soybean cultivars were found to be Kumjungkong l and Danbaegkong and the content 15.87% and 13.33% respectively. The highest total nitrogen(TN) content of 1.18% was shown from Danbaegkong kanjang. Although the major free organic acid in kanjang was found to be succinic acid, no significant differences in free organic acid and sugars content were observed among cultivars. The highest free total amino acids(TA) and glutamic acid(GA) content in kanjang was observed to be 3365 mg% and 734.44 mg% respectively from Danbaegkong kanjang. Danbaegkong cultivar soybean which was shown to contain the highest crude protein was found to be the most suitable one for the preparation of quality kanjang with high TN, GA content and GA/TA ratio.

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Anticancer Potential of Cratoxylum formosum Subsp. Pruniflorum (Kurz.) Gogel Extracts Against Cervical Cancer Cell Lines

  • Promraksa, Bundit;Daduang, Jureerut;Khampitak, Tueanjit;Tavichakorntrakool, Ratree;Koraneekit, Amonrat;Palasap, Adisak;Tangrassameeprasert, Roongpet;Boonsiri, Patcharee
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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    • v.16 no.14
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    • pp.6117-6121
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    • 2015
  • Background: Most northeast Thai vegetables may play roles in human health by acting as antioxidant and anticancer agents. Recent study showed that Cratoxylum formosum subsp. pruniflorum (Kurz.) Gogel. (Teawdang) could inhibit growth of liver cancer cell lines. Cervical cancer, which has human papilloma virus as its main cause, is found at high incidence in Thailand. Due to increasing drug resistance, searches for potential anticancer compounds from natural source are required. Therefore, our purpose was to evaluate the cytotoxicity of Teawdang extracts in cervical cancer cell lines. Materials and Methods: Teawdang edible parts, purchased from Khon Kaen market during July-October 2013 was extracted with organic solvent. Phenolic profiles of crude hexane (CHE), ethyl acetate (CEE), methanol (CME) and water (CWE) extracts were performed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) techniques. Their cytotoxic effects on cervical cancer cells were investigated with HPV-non infected (C-33A) and HPV-infected (HeLa and SiHa) cell lines. Results: HPLC profiles showed that all crude extracts contained caffeine, ferulic acid and resveratrol. CME and CEE had high contents of gallic acid and quercetin. Catechin was found only in CWE. Cytotoxicity test showed that CEE had the lowest IC50 on HeLa ($143.18{\pm}13.35 {\mu}g/mL$) and SiHa cells ($106.45{\pm}15.73{\mu}g/mL$). C-33A cells were inhibited by CWE ($IC50=130.95{\pm}3.83{\mu}g/mL$). Conclusions: There were several phenolic compounds in Teawdang extracts which may have cytotoxic effects on cervical cancer cell lines. Investigation of these bioactive compounds as new sources of anticancer agents is recommended.

Difference of Pain Description According to Gender in the Elderly (노인의 성별 만성동통 호소의 차이에 대한 조사연구)

  • 김명애;박경민;김효정
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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    • v.28 no.2
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    • pp.369-379
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    • 1998
  • Despite acknowledgment that pain is likely to be a major problem for many older adults, it is difficult to estimate the frequency of pain problems for this population. The main purpose of this study was to identify the various characteristics of chronic pain in the elderly by gender. It examines by gender, pain frequency, pain intensity, number of chronic pain sites, localization of pain, impact on activities, methods of pain management, and effects of chronic pain management. The subjects were 189 elderly people(65 years and older) living in an urban area. They were surveyed at their homes. They were surveyed by interview using a closed-ended questionnaire. The survey was done from Nov. 6th. to Dec. 6th. 1997. Descriptive statistics were used to determine all of the reported pain variables. Chi-square tests were used to determine crude differences between pain intensity and gender. T-test was used to determine differences in number of pain sites between men and women. The findings are as follows ; Of the 189 subjects, 83.6% reported experiencing pain, and men reported a lower prevalence (69.5%) than women(89.2%). Women had significantly more severe pain than did men(p=.001). Lower back pain(20.2%) and leg pain(20.2%) were the most prevalent, followed by knee pain(17.4%), arm pain(13.3%), neck and shoulder pain(11.6%), and headache(9.9%). Women experienced more multiple localizations of pain(p=.0001), the greatest impact was on movement (83.5%) , followed by usual activities(60.8%), sleep(49.4%), visiting(29.1%), and hobbies and recreations(50.0%). No differences were observed between men and women in the proportion of subjects reporting a negative impact on each of these activities. The methods of pain management were hospital visit(70.9%), drug store medication(46.7%), oriental medicine clinic(32.9%), endurance(13.3%), self-management(6.3%). Drug therapy was the most effective pain management strategy(94%), followed by physical therapy(63%) and accupuncture.byssocausis(55%). The conclusion : Pain is a symptom of great clinical importance that is often associated with disability, loss of independence, and reduced quality of life. In this study chronic pain symptoms were common but unevenly distributed in men and women. The results further advance understanding of the experience and impact of pain by gender. Future studies should incorporate questions that gather systemic and more detailed information on the characteristics of pain, especially by gender and by age.

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Immunomodulating Activity of Salicornia herbacea Extract (함초 추출물의 마우스 면역 증강 활성)

  • Ryu, Deok-Seon;Kim, Seon-Hee;Lee, Dong-Seok
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.36 no.2
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    • pp.135-141
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    • 2008
  • Immunomodulating effect of Salicornia herbacea extract on the mouse splenocytes was investigated. Crude S. herbacea polysaccharide extract (CSP) and other kinds of fine S. herbacea polysaccharides (SPI and SPII) were prepared from S. herbacea by hot water extraction and further ultrafiltration and gel filtration chromatography. In vitro experiment, the mouse splenocytes and separated T cells were treated with CSP, SPI or SPII (0.5, 1, 2, 4 mg/ml). In vivo experiment, three different S. herbacea extracts were orally administrated everyday for one week. For the basic data, body weight and physiological parameters such as organ weight and spleen index were observed. The proliferation of the cells was used as an index for immunemodulating activity and the effect of proliferation was evaluated using MTS assay. The CSP, SPI and SPII directly induced the proliferation of splenocytes and separated T cells in a dose-dependent manner. In results, the proliferation was more increased in the SPI and SPII treated cells than in the CSP treated cells. The best proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI at the concentration of 4 mg/ml for 24 hr. The proliferation of splenocytes and separated T-cells was higher (3.2 and 3.5 times, respectively) than the control. Moreover, when the mouse splenocytes were treated with mitogen, the efficient proliferation was shown in the splenocytes cultured with SPI. In conclusion, polysaccharides from S. herbacea showed a substantial immunomodulating activity in the mouse immune cells.

Effects of Feeding Levels of Starter on Weaning Age, Performance, Nutrient Digestibility and Health Parameters in Holstein Dairy Calves

  • Nejad, J. Ghassemi;Hosseindoust, A.;Shoae, A.;Ghorbani, B.;Lee, B.H.;Oskoueian, E.;Hajilari, D.;Amouzmehr, A.;Lohakare, J.D.;Sung, K.I.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.26 no.6
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    • pp.827-830
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    • 2013
  • To evaluate the effects of feeding four different levels of starter in male Holstein dairy calves, a completely randomized study was conducted, using 28 calves with initial body weight of $40.5{\pm}2.4$ kg. The animals were fed iso-nitrogenous starter and were weaned when they consumed 350, 500, 650 and 800 g/d of starter for 3 d consecutively. Starter and water were available ad-libitum throughout the experiment. Body weight at pre-weaning (less than 5 wk) and post-weaning (8 wk) was lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter than in the other treatments (p<0.05). Feed conversion ratio (FCR) was the highest among all treatments in pre-weaning period (p<0.05). Dry matter intake (DMI) at weaning and total DMI was higher in that calves received 800 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter were weaned earlier (p<0.05) and showed lower milk consumption (kg, DM) compared with other treatments whereas no significant difference was observed between calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter (p>0.05). Dry matter, organic matter and crude protein digestibilities were lower in calves that received 350 g/d of starter compared with other treatments (p<0.05). No differences were observed in acid detergent and neutral detergent fiber digestibility among all treatments (p>0.05).Treatments had no significant effect on time of starting rumination, respiratory score, and days of drug administration for pneumonia. There were no meaningful differences in feces, fecal odor scores, body temperature, and days of drug administration for diarrhea among all treatments (p>0.05). Total dry matter intake at the end of experiment showed no significant difference among calves fed 600 and 800 g/d of starter, but calves fed 350 and 500 g/d of starter showed more dry matter (DM) intake than calves in the 600 and 800 g/d groups (p<0.05).

Embryological Characteristics on Seed Sterility of Ligusticum chuanxiong Hoit. (천궁의 종자불임에 관한 발생학적 특성)

  • Park, Chung-Heon;Lee, Man-Sang;Namkoong, Seung-Bak;Yu, Hong-Seob;Park, Hee-Woon
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.12 no.3
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    • pp.209-213
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    • 2004
  • Ligusticum chuanxiong is receiving much attentions as one of the important medicinal crops with the increasement of the crude drug demands. This study was conducted to obtain the basic informations of breeding of Ligusticum chuanxiong. Embryological characteristics were examined to elucidate the process of male and female gametophytic development and fertilization. Meiosis and nucleus division of megaspore and microspore were proceeded normally. With regard to the formation of female gametophyte, only a half of female gametophyte developed to normal egg apparatus. While another 50% showed abnormal egg apparatus with poly-nuclei or non-nuclei ovule. The pollens developed from the micros pore were formed more than 90 % of normal pollen. It was difficult to observe fertilization because ovule tissue was very compact and cell was extremely tiny, but could be easely observed proembryo and embryo formation. Only 30 percent developed into proembryo and subsequently into embryo, and the others were degenerated.

Inhibitors of Tyrosinase and Melanogenesis from Galla rhois

  • Kim, Hyo-Jin;Jang, Dong-Il;Park, Sang-Won
    • Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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    • v.2 no.4
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    • pp.285-290
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    • 1997
  • Previously, a 50% aqueous methanol extract of Galla rhois was shown to be the most potent tyrosinase inhibition activity with an {TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}(the concentration causing 50% inhibition of tyrosinase activity) of 0.2mg/ml of 205 crude drug extracts. To isolate tyrosinase inhibitors, the methanol extract was evaporated to a small volume in vacuo, and then partitioned stepwise with benzene and ethyl acetate(EtOAc). the EtOAc fraction was solubilized in 10% MeOH solution, and then fractionated successively by Diaion HP-20 and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and preparative HPLC. Three phenolic compounds were isolated, and characterized as gallic acid(GA), methyl gallate(MG) and 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-$\beta$-D-glucose(PGG) by UV, IR, {TEX}${1}^H${/TEX}-&{TEX}${13}^C${/TEX}-NMR, and FAB-MS spectroscopy, PGG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=50$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) showed a considerable inhibitory effect against mushroom tyrosinase, while GA({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=1.6mg/ml) and MG({TEX}$IC_{50}${/TEX}=234$\mu\textrm{g}$/ml) did not show an appreciable effect. Meanwhile, MG inhibited greatly melanogenesis in a murine melanocyte cell line, Mel-Ab. MG and PGG showed typical noncompetitive inhibition patterns against mushroom tyrosinase. These results suggest that PGG and MG may be potentially useful as either anti-browning or anti-melanogenic agents in foods and cosmetics.

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