• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.69-75
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• 1976

Apparent digestibility of three representative seaweeds commonly used in Korea was obtained through an animal experiment and their calorie values were calculated therefrom. 1) Digestion coefficients for the nutrients of laver were crude protein, 42%; crude ash, 9%; carbohydrate, 62% and crude fat, none. 2) Digestion coefficients for the nutrients of tang1e were crude protein, 10%; crude fat, 40%; carbohydrate, 40% and crude ash, none. 3) Digestion coefficients for the nutrients of green laver were crude protein, 38%; crude fat, 59%; carbohydrate, 66% and crude ash, none. 4) Calorie values of seaweeds on the basis of above digestion coefficients were assessed to be only 52% in laver, 32% in tang1e and 59% in green laver as compared with those customarily obtained from proximate composition and Atwater's coefficient.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.43-47
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• 2002

Crude caseinomacropeptide (CMP) was prepared from Na-caseinate using a commercial renneting enzyme. Most of the crude CMP was released from the Na-caseinate by hydrolyzing with the enzyme for 40 min. The hydrolysis of the k-casein with carbohydrate was slower than that of the k-casein without carbohydrate, as shown by the analyses of the sialic acid content and the tricine-SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The yield of crude CMP from Na-caseinate was 3.7%. Cation exchange chromatography showed that the crude CMP consisted of 40.5% CMP and 59.5% caseinogylcomacropetide (CGP). The effect of the TCA concentration on the solubility of CMP and CGP was determined by using crude CMP. The amounts of crude CMP and sialic acid decreased in the proportion to the increase of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) concentration from 2 to 12%, suggesting that the CGP containing carbohydrate, as well as the CMP having no carbohydrate, was precipitated in a range of 4 to 12%, depending on the TCA concentration. This result supports the hypothesis that the different non-glycosylated and glycosylated forms of CMP have different sensitivities to TCA precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.407-416
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• 2023

Plant-based, grain-free, and gluten-free diets have been the focus of recent research, as part of the premiumization trend in dog food. However, the lack of comprehensive information regarding carbohydrates in dog food makes it difficult to produce nutritionally balanced meals. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate the nutritional value of carbohydrate ingredients commonly used in commercial dog foods. First, using data from Euromonitor, we investigated the trends in the dry dog food industry and analyzed the annual volume of dry dog food sales, as well as the dog population from 2010 to 2021 in Korea. The growth of the market was greatest in 2021, when the total value of sales of premium dry dog food was 254.3 billion KRW (Korean won) more than in 2010. In addition, sales of dry dog food by age category were marked by a significant increase (404.8%) in the market for dry food for senior dogs. Second, we examined the frequency of carbohydrate ingredients used in dry dog food and conducted a proximate analysis of the top 10 most frequently used ingredients. Subsequently, we analyzed the crude protein, crude fat, and nitrogen-free extract in the carbohydrate ingredients based on dry matter (DM) and calculated the ratio of metabolic energy content supplied from each nutrient in the carbohydrate ingredients. The ratio of metabolic energy content in the carbohydrate ingredients indicated that mung beans had the highest crude protein content (31.3%), whereas oats exhibited the highest crude fat content (23.3%). Sweet potatoes had the highest nitrogen-free extract content, measuring at 93.6%. The results of this study are expected to provide a valuable foundation for the growth and development of the domestic dog food industry, while also contributing to a deeper understanding of the specific role of each ingredient as a carbohydrate source.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.15.1-15.5
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• 2016

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, nitrogen-free extract, and energy in selected carbohydrate sources including wheat flour (WF), ${\alpha}-potato$ starch (PS), ${\alpha}-corn$ starch (CS), Na alginate (AL), dextrin (DEX), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were determined for olive flounder. The olive flounder averaging $150{\pm}8.0g$ were held in 300-L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. Chromic oxide was used as the inert marker. Feces were collected from the flounder by a fecal collector attached to a fish rearing tank. Apparent dry matter and energy digestibilities of flounder fed WF, PS, CS, and DEX diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed AL and CMC diets. Apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of flounder fed PS and CS diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed AL, DEX, and CMC diets. Apparent crude lipid and nitrogen-free extract digestibility coefficients of flounder fed PS and DEX diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed WF, CS, AL, and CMC diets. The present findings indicate that PS and DEX could be effectively used as dietary carbohydrate energy compared to WF, CS, AL, and CMC for olive flounder.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.150-153
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• 2005

Although each part of Trichosanthes kirilowii is frequently used as medicinal herbs, study on the chemical composition is not sufficient. It was found that sarcocarp consists of 70% of carbohydrate, 13% of crude protein, 5% of crude fat, 6% of crude fiber and 6% of crude ash; seed consists of 62.59% of carbohydrate, 12.75% of crude protein, 14.80% of crude fat, 6.50% of crude fiber and 3.36% of crude ash; and root consists of 89.40% of carbohydrate, 4.10% of crude protein, 0.50% of crude fat, 3.50% of crude fiber and 2.50% of crude ash. Sarcocarp and seed contain fifteen kinds of amino acids such as Asp, Ser, Glu, Gly, His, Arg, Thr, Ala, Pro, Try, Cys, Met, Val, Leu, and Phe. Sarcocarp contain large quantities of phenylalanine and glycine and seed does not contain leucine but lysine. The mineral contents in Trichoxanthes kirilowii are 0.55% Ca, 0.91% Mg, 10.29% Na, and 0.17% K.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2009

A factorial feeding trial of different levels of three carbohydrate sources (wheat flour, $\alpha$-potato starch, and sodium alginate) was conducted to determine proper sources and levels of dietary carbohydrate for juvenile sea cucumbers. Three replicate groups of juvenile sea cucumbers (770 mg average weight) were fed the experimental diets once a day for 10 weeks. After feeding trial, survival of sea cucumbers was not significantly different between diets. The body weight of sea cucumbers was significantly (P<0.01) affected by both source and level of dietary carbohydrate, tending to decrease as dietary carbohydrate level increased. Body weight of sea cucumbers fed a 25% wheat flour diet was the highest but was not significantly different from that of sea cucumbers fed diet containing 10% wheat flour with 15% sodium alginate (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of sea cucumbers among dietary treatments. These results suggest that sea cucumbers utilize wheat flour and sodium alginate more efficiently than they do $\alpha$-potato starch, and that a formulated diet containing 43-60% carbohydrate may be suitable for juvenile sea cucumber culture.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.84-90
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• 1997

This study was nudertaken to investigate the major food sources of energy, frotin, fat, carbohydrate and crude fiber based on the data from the National Nutrition Survey in 1993. Results were summarized as followed : the most important source of energy was rice providing 52.9% of total energy intake. Instant noodle, pork, bread and beef were major sources of energy in order. Protein sources were rice, beef, pork, egg and pollack in order. And the primary sources of fat was pork and the rank next to pork were soybean oil in large city, instant noodle in small city and rice in rural. Rice contributed the most to total carbohydrate followed in order by instant noodle, bread, apple and kimchi. Crude fiber was impartially provided from various foods such as kimchi, red pepper powder, apple, red pepper and radish. Number of foods providing 90% of nutrient intake were 41 for energy, 43 for protein, 32 for fat, 19 for carbohydrate and 29 for crude fiber. Among region, mean amount of nutrients intake didn't show any significant differences(p>0.05). In conclusion, rice was found to be the most important sources of various nutrients.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.497-503
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• 1999

Change on the structural carbohydrate(several fiberous components) was determined by vegetables(crown daisy and butterbur)-cultivated in Ulsan, Kyungnam, Korea-as its stage of maturity developed. Samples were separated into leaf and stem, which were dried at 7$0^{\circ}C$ for 24hr, and ground to pass a 1mm screen. They were subjected to moisture, crude protein, crude fat and several dietary fiber-DF(dietary fiber, include unavaible components), NDF(neutral detergent fiber), ADF(acid detergent fiber), lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and protein corrected NDF(c-NDF), IDF(indigestible fiber, include lignin, hemicellulose and cellulose). In general, structural carbohytrate(several dietary fiber) of vegetable was affected by the growth stage. In case of crown daisy and butterbur, dietary fiber in leaf was higher than DF in stem.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 1994

This study was carried out to Investigate the effects of Panax ginseng, Ganoderma lucidum extract and crude polysaccharide of G. lucidum on the growth of lactic acid bacteria. p. ginseng extract contained 60.7% carbohydrate and 27.5% protein, whereas G. lucidum contained 35.9% carbohydrate and 46.3% protein. The total sugar and protein content of crude polysaccharide of G. lucidum were 47.2% and 15.2%, respectively. Two amino acids(hg, Trp) were detected in p. ginseng extract and 11 amino acids (hg, Trp, Ua, Lys, Ser, etc.) in C. lucidum extract. By the addition of p. ginseng, 5. lucidum extract and crude polysaccharide, the cia. p. ginseng was more effective on the growth of 1. casei an: G. lucidum was more effective on that of S. thermophilus. The effect of free amino acids on the growth of tactic acid bacteria was also examined. Arginine and lysine stimulated the growth of L. casei, whereas Lysine, serine, arginine, and glutamic acid stimulated the growth of 5. thermophilus.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.740-746
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• 2006

The proximates, vitamin C, minerals, and fatty acids of five potato cultivars were evaluated by AOAC methods, the hydrazine method, ICP-AES, and gas chromatography, respectively. The proximate analyses; vitamin C, reducing sugar, and soluble solid contents; and mineral and fatty acid compositions were significantly different among the five cultivars. The Superior cultivar contained a higher carbohydrate content and higher Ca/P ratio and lower levels of crude protein and Na. The Atlantic cultivar contained significantly higher amount of energy, carbohydrate, reducing sugar, vitamin C, SEA, and MUFA, and significantly lower amount of minerals and PUFA. The Shepody cultivar contained significantly higher amount of carbohydrate and MUFA, and significantly lower amount of soluble solid, vitamin C, and SFA. In addition, the P, Fe, Mg, Cu, and Al levels were significantly higher in Shepody, and Zn content was significantly lower. The Jopung cultivar contained significantly higher levels of moisture and Na, and significantly lower levels of soluble content, reducing sugar, carbohydrate, crude protein, and fat. Finally, the Namsuh cultivar contained significantly higher amount of soluble solid, crude protein, K, Mg, and Al, and significantly lower amount of reducing sugar.