• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.5
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• pp.805-812
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• 2005

The aim of this study was to provide basic information to allow improved feeding management for velvet antler production by investigating the effects of dietary protein level on production and chemical composition of velvet antler in spotted deer(Cervus nippon). Eighteen male spotted deer of 5~6 years old were assigned to 3 unreplicated groups by production record of the previous year. Deer were fed on experimental diets at different protein level of 10%(T1), 15%(T2) and 20%(T3). Dry matter intake, crude protein intake and daily gain were increased with increasing the protein level in diets and there were significant differences(P<0.05) between groups. Although not significant, mean length of main beam tended to be longer in either left or right beam with increasing the protein level, and in girth at part of base of main beam, it was a similar pattern to the result of length. The velvet antler production was affected by dietary protein level and thus that was the smallest in T1 and the largest in T3(P<0.05). The content of crude protein in velvet antler was higher in T1 than in T3, whereas the content of crude ash in velvet antler was contrast to that of crude protein, however, there were no significant differences.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.113-120
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• 1996

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of phosphate fertilizer level on growth, crude protein content and nitrogen fixation ability of alfalfa(Medicugo sariva L.) at sowing year. The experimental field was conducted using a randomized block design with three replications according to the phosphate application level (200 and 400kfia) in farm of Kongju National University. Research samples were collected at intervals of 7 days from October 7 to December 9 and nitrogen fixation activity of nodule was measured by using the acetylene reduction method (Hardy et al. 1968). The results obtained are summarized as follows : 1. Number of branches, root length and dry matter weight at phosphate fertilizer level of 400kg in sowing year were more increase than those of 200kfia. The number of nodules was not significantly difference between phosphate fertilizer level, because of low temperature to be enough to nodulation of alfalfa. 2. The crude protein content of leaf, stem and root were not significantly affected by the phosphate fertilizer level. but that of leaf was increased at 400kgha on 72 days after sowing. The crude protein content of each part according to growing stages was increased at 44 days and 72 days after sowing. 3. The dry weight of root was not significantly difference between phosphate fertilizer level from 30 days to 51 days after sowing, but that was increased at phosphate fertilizer level of 400kgha from 51 days afier sowing. 4. The amount of ethylene in the samples taken 2 hours and calculated amount of nitrogen fixation were increased at phosphate fertilizer level of 400kfia from 30 days to 65 days after sowing. but there was vice versa from 58 days after sowing.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.463-470
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• 1995

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of chromium picolinate on growth performance, nutrient utilizability, carcass composition, serum traits and in vitro protein synthesis of 3 day old Arbor Acres broiler chickens when dietary crude protein levels were varying in diets. Six replicates of eight chicks each (average initial weitht = 59.4 g) were randomly assigned to three levels (low, medium, high) of dietary crude protein at two levels of chromium (0, 200 ppb Cr/kg diet) as chromium picolinate. Six chicks/treatment were randomly chosen for analyses of carcass composition, six additional chicks/treatment were randomly chosen for analyses of serum components, and a chick/treatment was chosen for in vitro culture of liver tissue. Chromium picolinate did not affect feed intake, protein and fat utilizability, regradless of dietary crude protein level. But feed/gain ratio were more improved in groups fed the low protein diets added with chromium picolinate compared with groups fed the medium and high protein diets with chromium picolinate. Carcass fat tended to decrease whereas carcass protein tended to increase when added with chromium picolinate. Broilers fed diets with chromium picolinate exhibited lower serum triglyceride and nonesterified fatty acid concentrations than those fed without chromium picolinate (p < 0.05). Both secreted and retained proteins in cultured acinar cell were higher in groups fed diets with chromium picolinate than those fed diets without chromium picolinate (p < 0.05). It could be suggested that chromium picolinate was effective in improving weight gain and nutrient utilizability when dietary crude protein was low (p < 0.05), and also effective in manipulating carcass fat when dietary crude protein level was high (p < 0.05).

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 1993

Feeding trials were conducted for a test of the optimum dietary protein levels for the fingerling Korean catfish, Parasilurus asotus. The growth response was examined in terms of weight gain, feed coefficient. protein efficiency ratio and net protein utilization for 8 weeks at $23\~27^{\circ}C$. Within a range of 25 to 55\%$ crude protein levels in the diet, the body weight increased while the dietary protein level increased. Accumulation of protein in the body reached the maximum when the crude protein level in the diet was at $45\%$. These results indicate that the optimum dietary protein level of fingerling Korean catfish was about $45\%$ when anchovy meal was used as the protein source.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.257-263
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• 1994

The experiment was canied out to investigate the effects of cutting frequencies (3, 4 and 5 cuts per year) in relation to fertilization of mineral nitrogen on crude protein yield and the contents of crude protein and acid detergent fibre in orchardgms(Dacty1is glomerata L.). Tne results are as follows : 1. The content of crude protein increased according to the increase in cutting frequency and showed the highest in the 1st cut in all treatments. At 4 and 5 cutting frequencies per year, the content of crude protein increased in a large extent according to the increased fertilization of mineral nitrogen. However at 3 cutting frequency, the content of cmde protein appeared higher for no application of mineral nitrogen than for the treatments with fertilization. 2. 'Ihe content of acid detergent fibre(ADF) was considerably reduced at 4 and 5 cutting frequencies and in all treatments, the lowest were recorded in the 1st cut or in the last cut. At 3, 4 and 5 cutting frequencies, the highest ADF were shown in the 2nd cut, 3rd cut and 3rd cut respectively. However, the general trend was that the content of ADF was greatly reduced according to increased level of mineral nitrogen fertilization. 3. The yeild of cmde protein was the highest at 5 cutting frequency(l.2 ton DMIha) and it indicated that the yield of cmde protein increased in accordance to the increase in fertilization of mineral nitrogen and cutting frequency. 4. In all treatments, positive correlation(p<0.001) between the yeilds of crude protein and annual dry matter yield appeared. Negative correIation(p

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.65-72
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• 2011

Twenty-four Holstein dairy cows were used to evaluate the single and combined effects of different levels of crude protein (CP) and monensin treatment during early lactation on blood metabolites, milk yield and digestion of dairy cows. The experiment was designed as a completely randomized block with a $3{\times}2$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors were three concentrations of CP supplement (19.5, 21.4, and 23.4% of dry matter) and two levels of monensin (0 and 350 mg per cow per day). The experiment consisted of three phases and each phase was 3 wk in length. Monensin did not affect milk yield, lactose, solids-non-fat (SNF), blood glucose, triglyceride and DMI, but increased blood cholesterol, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), insulin and reduced blood ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA), milk fat and protein percentage. Monensin premix significantly decreased rumen ammonia, but rumen pH and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by monensin treatment. Increasing dietary CP improved milk and protein production, but did not alter the other components of milk. Digestibility of NDF, ADF, CP were improved by increasing dietary CP. Increasing dietary CP from 19.5 to 21.4% had no significant effect on ruminal ammonia, but increasing CP to 23.4% significantly increased ruminal ammonia. There was a linear relationship between level of crude protein in the diet and volume of urine excretion. Microbial protein synthesis was affected by increasing CP level; in this way maximum protein synthesis was achieved at 23.4% CP.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.107-111
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• 1996

Studies on the effects of protein levels on the total sulphur amino acid (TSAA) requirements of chickens were conducted on the starter broilers by feeding four levels of crude protein(16, 18, 20 and 23%) at three levels of TSAA (0.83, 0.93 and 1.03%) and on the grower broilers by feeding three levels of crude protein (16, 18 and 20%) at three levels of TSAA(0.72, 0.79 and 0.86%). The metabolisable energy of the diets was maintained constant at 3,200 kcal/kg and the experiments were carried out for two growing periods: starter (0-3 wk) and grower (3-6 wk). The results showed that there were significant differences in body weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio under different protein levels of the starters. Crude protein, ME and TSAA intake were significantly affected by increasing the CP levels. The TSAA requirement of the starter broilers is recommended at 0.93% and it is not influenced by different protein levels used in the experiment. For the grower period, body weight gain and feed:gain ratio improved significantly at higher protein diets. Birds fed higher protein diet consumed greater quantities of protein. Responses to TSAA supplementation for body weight gain, feed intake and feed:gain ratio were not significant. The present results showed that the TSAA level of 0.79 to 0.86% was required for grower diets and that the protein levels of the diet did not influence the TSAA requirement.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.31-34
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• 2006

The experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cutting interval and cutting height on the yield and nutrient composition of hedge lucerne (Desmanthus virgatus) when grown on a sandy soil in the Northeast of Thailand. The cutting intervals compared were 30, 40 and 50 days between harvests and the cutting heights 30, 40 and 50 cm above ground level. The experiment was a $3{\times}3$ factorial layout in a randomized complete block design with 4 replications-giving a total of 36 plots each $3{\times}3m^2$. Harvested plant material was weighed, dried and the ground subsamples taken for analyses of crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, ether extract (EE) and nitrogen-free extract (NFE). At the last harvest the hedge lucerne samples were separated to determine leaf to stem ratios and then analyzed for nutrient composition in the leaf and stem. Results showed that increasing the cutting interval (i.e. advancing age of maturity) increased dry matter and nutrient yields significantly. In terms of nutrient content, it also increased the crude fiber, ash, ether extract and nitrogen free extract percent in the plant. However, crude protein percent was markedly decreased as the cutting interval increased. Increasing cutting height had no effect on dry matter yield and yields of nutrients, but in terms of nutrient content, it increased crude protein and ash content, but decreased crude fiber content. The percent EE and NFE in the plant was unaffected by cutting height. From the results presented it is clear that cutting a stand of hedge lucerne every 40 to 50 days will achieve greater dry matter and nutrient yields than cutting more frequently, at 30 days. The cutting height at harvest, whether 30, 40 or 50 cm above ground level had no effect on dry matter or nutrient yields of hedge Lucerne. Hedge lucerne therefore offers the Thai poultry farmer a useful alternative protein supplement for poultry diets rather than relying on the more expensive soybean meal. As it can be readily and successfully grown on a range of soil types and climates throughout Thailand, hedge lucerne also offers the Thai farmer a valuable additional source of income.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.135-145
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• 2001

This study was undertaken to analyze chemical composition, minerals and texture characteristics of Pongnipgangjung in various volumes of adding Pongnip powder. With increasing Pongnip powder level, moisture, total nitrogen, crude protein, crude fat and crude ash contents were significantly increased. Ca, P, K and Mg contents of Pongnip powder 1%, 3%, 4% was higher than Pongnip flour free group. According to rheometer evaluatuion, Pongnipgangjung added Pongnip powder 1% showed higher level of hardness than Pongnip powder 3%, 4% and free group. In sensory evaluation, the results of preference are in the following order Pongnipgangjung added Pongnip powder 1%, 3%, 4% and free group.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.69-75
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• 2022

The micro-Kjeldahl method, a common technique for analyzing crude proteins, is time-consuming and dangerous due to the employment of reagents such as sulfuric acid and sodium hydroxide. However, a Fourier transform near-infrared (FT-NIR) spectrophotometer analysis can be completed in under a minute after simple pre-processing if data has been gathered using sufficient reference material in advance. Furthermore, the use of safe reagents in this technique ensures the safety of the experimenter and the environment. In addition, a portable FT-NIR spectrophotometer enables real-time measurement at processing or distribution sites and has recently gained popularity. The standard errors of calibration and regression (r²) for the calibration result for estimating the crude protein content of dried laver were 0.9775 and 1.2526, respectively. The standard error of prediction was 1.1814, and the r² was 0.9303 in the validation results, which was a good level. In the present study, a method for predicting the crude protein content of dried laver using an FT-NIR spectrophotometer in the range of 29%-40% crude protein content has been reported.