• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.181-188
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• 1996

Chemical compositions were investigated by harvested months and produced methods. The level of crude protein and crude ash of ginseng leaf tea harvested in July was slightly higher than it harvested in September. However, the level of crude fat and carbohydrate of ginseng leaf tea harvested in September were higher than it harvested in July. The results indicated that the harvest month influenced the chemical composition of the ginseng leaf tea. Also, the level of free sugar was increased when the ginseng leaf team harvested in September was produced by FHT(fermented and then hot-air dried) or HHT(heated and then hot-air dried). The results indicated that the subjects were preferred the color of ginseng leaf tea which was harvested in July. However, they were preferred the aroma and ginseng's aroma which was harvested and produced by HHT in September. Because they responded that the ginseng leaf tea tasted too bitter, it suggested that the taste of bitterness needed to remove. Also, the astringent, the savory, after aroma, and after say cry of the ginseng leaf tea was improved with FHT or HHT, and those results obtained from September's harvest rather than July's. Therefore, the overall quality of ginseng leaf tea which was harvested in September and produced with FHT or HHT were evaluated better than it of DHT(dried on the shade and then hot-air dried).

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.383-388
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of hairy vetch supplementation on quality of winter crop silage. There were 4 treatments (addition levels of hairy vetch ; 0, 5, 15, and 30%) with 3 replicates. Experimental silages stored for 40 days at room temperature ($20-25^{\circ}C$). THe silage crude protein level was improved (P<0.05) while hairy vetch supplementation increased. However, no difference was found (P>0.05) in crude fat, NDF and ADF of the silage while hairy vetch supplementation increased. The silage pH was increased (P<0.05) but lactic acid level was decreased (P<0.05) while hairy vetch supplementation increased. Nonetheless, acetic and butyric acids concentrations were increased (P<0.05) while hairy vetch supplementation increased. Sucrose, glucose and fructose levels were increased (P<0.05) while hairy vetch supplementation increased. Although negative effects were detected in whole crop barley silage while hairy vetch supplementation increased, optimum level of hairy vetch supplementation could be overwhelmed its negative effects on whole crop barley silage. Thus, the results of present study suggested that 15% hairy vetch supplementation of whole crop barley silage would be beneficial its quality maintenance compared to whole crop barley silage per se.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.1616-1623
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• 2008

This study was conducted to determine the effect of hot environment and dietary crude protein level (CP) on performance, carcass characteristics, meat visual quality, muscle chemical composition and malondialdehyde (MDA) concentration of tissues in broilers. Two hundred and sixteen 21-d old Arbor Acre broilers were used in a $4\times3$ factorial arrangement and randomly reared in 4 environmental chambers and fed on 3 diets with different CP levels for 3 weeks. The results showed: (1) when air temperature (AT) rose to $33^{\circ}C$, average daily feed intake, average daily gain, carcass weight, right breast meat weight, left thigh and drumstick meat weight decreased (p<0.05) and feed conversion rate decreased (p<0.05), but the ratio of carcass to live weight and of left thigh and drumstick meat weight to carcass weight increased (p<0.05). (2) There were significant differences in pH and shear force in breast meat, and shear force, L* and a* in thigh meat (p<0.01 or 0.05) among hot environments. Dietary CP level tended to affect breast meat pH and pH and L* of thigh meat (p<0.06 or 0.09). Compared to the normal temperature ($22^{\circ}C$), low temperature ($15^{\circ}C$) and hot humid (AT $33^{\circ}C$, relative humidity (RH) 80%) treatments significantly (p<0.05) decreased the tenderness of thigh meat. L* and a* value in thigh meat under high temperature treatments, regardless of RH, were higher (p<0.05) than those under normal temperature. (3) Protein content in breast and thigh meat of broilers fed under high temperature ($33^{\circ}C$) was lower (p<0.05) than that under $22^{\circ}C$, but fat content had an adverse change. High temperature ($33^{\circ}C$) increased the moisture of breast meat significantly (p<0.05). Protein content in breast meat increased significantly (p<0.05), in which fat content had an adverse change (p<0.05), when the dietary protein rose. (4) MDA concentration in liver and breast meat under hot humid (AT $33^{\circ}C$, RH 80%) treatment increased markedly (p<0.05). (5) High humidity could sharpen the bad effect of high temperature on performance, carcass yield and choice cuts, crude protein and moisture content in breast meat. It was concluded that a hot environment could affect the performance and meat quality of broiler chicks more significantly than CP level and that high humidity would aggravate the bad influence of high temperature on the broiler.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.15 no.11
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• pp.1617-1621
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• 2002

Two hundred and sixteen single comb white egg layers of the White Leghorn hens of 24 weeks of age were randomly allocated to 12 groups with three replications of six hens in each. Hens were fed in a factorial arrangement 2${\times}3{\times}$2, on diets containing either 16 or 18% crude protein with 0, 3 or 6% fish meal, replacing groundnut meal with soybean meal. Soybean meal incorporation improved (p<0.05) egg production, feed intake, feed conversion efficiency and egg weights. Egg quality traits of specific gravity, shape index, albumen index, yolk index and shell thickness remained unchanged. Laying performance was significantly (p<0.05) better at 18% than on 16% dietary protein level. Use of fish meal linearly improved egg production and feed conversion efficiency on diets supplemented with groundnut meal and fish meal incorporation showed quadratic improvement on feed conversion efficiency with SBM diets at 16% dietary protein level. Therefore, use of soybean meal as substitute of groundnut meal is recommended in layer diets, at 16% dietary protein level and fish meal incorporation could be beneficial for layers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.718-724
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• 1998

Twelve gilts were used to investigate the effect of lysine to protein ratio (5.2 g lysine/100 g CP vs. 6.7 g lysine/100 g CP) in practical diets on nitrogen retention and the efficiency of utilization in growing pigs. Treatments involved 2 levels of dietary lysine (5.2 or 6.7 g/100 g CP) and 3 levels of dietary crude protein (11, 14 and 17% in diet). Nitrogen retention was greatest when pigs were fed the control diet containing 17% protein. Nitrogen retention progressively increased as dietary protein increased (p < 0.01), but it was not affected by lysine concentration (g/100 g CP). Apparent biological value (ABV, nitrogen retained/apparently digestible nitrogen) was estimated to be ~50% at the maximum nitrogen retention. ABV was not affected by lysine concentration, but declined (p < 0.05) as the dietary protein level increased. The efficiency of intake N used for maximum nitrogen retention was approximately 44%. One gram of lysine supported approximately 9 to 10 g apparent protein accretion (nitrogen retention ${\times}$ 6.25/lysine intake) in pigs fed control diets. The efficiency of lysine utilization for protein accretion was lower in pigs fed high-lysine diets (6.7 g lysine/l00 g CP) so that 1 g of lysine accounted for 7 to 8 g of protein accretion in these pigs (p < 0.01). The lysine required to support maximum nitrogen retention in pigs fed high-lysine diets was higher than that in pigs fed control diets, which suggests that lysine was over-fortified relative to crude protein, since practical diets can not be formulated without excess of some amino acids. In summary the concentration of 5.2 g total lysine/100 g CP in diet is more appropriate for corn-soybean diets than the commonly suggested the content of 6.7 g total lysine/100 g CP.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.371-376
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• 2013

A feeding trial was conducted to determine the optimum dietary protein and lipid levels for the growth of juvenile muddy loach Misgurnus anguillicaudatus. Eight experimental diets (designated as P20L7, P20L14, P30L7, P30L14, P40L7, P40L14, P50L7 and P50L14) were formulated to contain 20%, 30%, 40% and 50% protein with 7% and 14% lipid. Three replicate groups of muddy loach (1.5 g/fish) were fed one of the experimental diets ad libitum for 8 weeks. Survival of fish fed the P20L14 diet was lower than in other groups (P<0.05). Specific growth rate (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE) of fish were affected by dietary protein (P<0.05) and lipid (P<0.005) levels. SGR and FE of fish tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid level at the same protein level. There were no significant differences in SGR and FE among fish fed diets containing different protein levels ranging from 30% to 50% with the same lipid level. Whole body moisture and lipid contents were affected by dietary protein and lipid levels. Crude lipid content of fish fed the 14% lipid diets was higher than that of fish fed 7% lipid diets at each protein level. The results of this study indicate that a diet containing 30% protein with 7% lipid would be suitable for the optimum growth and effective feed utilization of juvenile muddy loach.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.326-332
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• 2000

In order to investigate the possibility of functional property improvement of meat products, four kinds of pork patties were prepared with water 10% as control, mugwort extract 10%, pine needle extract 10% and fatsia leaf extract 10%, respectively. In case of control moisture content was higher, but crude fat was lower, compared to patties treated with plant extracts. Crude ash content of pine needle extract treatment showed higher level than that of other patties. pH range of patties revealed to 5.92∼5.978. In raw patties Hunter's L-and a-value of control were higher than those of plant extract treatment, and a-value of raw patties showed higher level than that of cooked. Yield, water holding capacity, salt soluble protein extractability and gel strength among patties did not show significant differences. In control patty, fat retention was lower compared to other plant extract treatments, but water soluble protein extractability was higher compared to pine needle. Values such as hardness, springiness, cohesiveness, gumminess and chewiness were not significantly different among the patties. In sensory scores such as aroma, juiciness and palatability, significant differences were not observed among cooked patties, but texture score was higher in the order pine needle, mugwort, fatsia leaf and control.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude protein (CP) levels on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk quality, and blood profiles in gestating sows. A total of 59 multiparous sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with similar body weights (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 9 or 10 sows per treatment using a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement and completely randomized design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (13.40 or 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary protein levels based from 35 day in gestating phases (10.5%, 12%, and 13.5%). Backfat thickness change in lactating sows decreased linearly as CP level increased (p = 0.03). Increased energy level in the gestating sow diet tended to increase the total number of piglets born (p = 0.07), but piglet weight decreased (p = 0.02). Dietary CP level had a negative effect on colostrum quality. Casein, protein, total solid, and solids-not-fat concentrations decreased linearly and lactose level increased linearly as CP level in the gestating sow diet increased (casein%: p = 0.03; protein%: p = 0.04; lactose%: p = 0.06; total solids: p = 0.03; solid-not-fat: p = 0.03, respectively). However, improving ME by 0.42 MJ/kg had no significant effect on the chemical composition of sow colostrum. There were no significant differences in blood glucose concentration in gestating sows when sows were fed different levels of energy during gestation, but blood glucose increased at 21 day of lactation when energy increased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.04). Blood urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly when dietary CP levels increased at 110 day in gestation, 24-hours postpartum, and 21 days of lactation (linear, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively), and it also increased when dietary energy increased at 110 days of gestation and 24-hours postpartum (p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). A gestating sow diet containing 13.82 MJ/kg ME and 10.5% CP can improve reproductive performance, litter performance, and colostrum quality.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.209-214
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• 1974

The utilization dietary protein in young rainbow trout was investigated when feeded with the diets of controlled levels of casein and lipids for 12 days. The composition of the diet is shown in Table 1. Body weight gain was in proportion to the protein content in diet up to $40\%$, ana the maximum was obtained with $40.4\%$ of crude protein (Fig. 1, Table 2). On the other hand, the accumulated protein in body also showed almost maximum value around 40n of protein level in the diet and: the change of accumulated protein showed a little with more-protein level(Fig. 3, Table 9). The protein accumulation rate (protein accumulated/protein consumed) showed its highest value at about $40\%$ of protein level, while the protein utilization value (protein accumulation rate x protein content of diet) attained its highest value at $54.8\%$ of protein level (Table 3). With the above results it is observed that the requirement of dietary protein for young rainbow trout is about $40\%$ of protein in the diet when casein is used as the sole protein source. In protein efficiency ratio (PER) the lower protein level in the diet, the higher PER yields and the more the quantity of protein increases, the more PER decreases and its relation could be figured out as an equation of y=4.91-0.034x (Fig.4), Nose measured PER utilizing the diet which result of this, it is reported that PER rate of casein dropped within the extent of $25\%$ protein in diet. The reason why such a different PER rate appeared at the low protein level is revealed as the carbohydrate is low but the lipid high in capacity of utililzing nutrients for rainbow trout. The relation between the protein content of diet and the conversion factor, feed efficiency were determined and the results are shown in Fig. 2.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.175-181
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• 1991

The purpose of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of shade and levels of N fertilization on the dry matter yield and chemical compositions of orchardgrass grown under floor of chestnut tree. Shading conditions consist of $S_0$, (full light), $S_1$, (about 6OC4 shade) and $S_2$, (about 70% shade). And, nitrogen fertilizer was applied at 3 levels, O($N_0$), 12($N_1$), and 30($N_2$) kg per 10a, respectively. The results are may be summarized as follows: 1. Maximum total dry matter yield of $S_0$, was obtained about 1.28 ton/lOa at $N_2$, level. But, total dry matter yields of N levels in $S_1$, and $S_2$, were decreased about 42-45% compared with $S_0$. 2. The response of the dry matter yield to N fertilization were differences between shading and levels of N. Thus, the dry matter yield of $S_1$, increased almost linear up to about 30 kg/l0a level, while the dry matter yield of S, was increased slightly up to 30 kgIl0a. But. $S_2$, was increased up to 12 kg/lOa and then decreased slightly with N fertilization over the 12 kg/l0a. 3. Average increase in total dry matter yield to N fertilization were 23.85 kg, 7.97 kg and 5.08 kg DM for $S_0$, $S_1$, and $S_2$, respectively. 4. The level of 12 kg N/lOa is the limiting N level to obtain dry matter production under 60-709 shading conditions. 5. The contents of crude protein arid nitrate nitrogen were increased with shading and incremental N fertilization up to 30 kg/l0a. But, water soluble carbohydrate content was decreased greatly with high shading and high levels of N. 6. Nitrate nitrogen content indicated highly significant positive correlation with crude protein, but significant negative correlation with water soluble carbohydrate content. 7. At 30 kg N level with $S_1$, was necessary to exceed the potentially toxic nitrate nitrogen level of 0.20%.