• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
• /
• 2003.08a
• /
• pp.110-113
• /
• 2003

We report herein synthetic results obtained six new types of bis-benzocrown ethers containing imine group. Bis crown ethers l~3 are aminobenzo-15-crown-5-ether linked with terephthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, phthaldehyde respectively by imine reaction. Bis crown ethers l~3 are different distances in each crown ether rings. Bis crown ether 4 has large cavity in crown ethers. Functionalized crown ether 5 is synthesized amonobenzo-l5-crown-5-ether and terephthaladehyde same ratio at one to one. Bis crown ether 6 has phothosensitive linkage between crown ethers. Bis crown ether 7 is prepared by amonobenzo-l5-crown-5-ether and triethyl ortho formate. 4'-Nitrobenzo-crown ethers and 3',4'-dinitrobenzo-crown ethers were prepared by nitration of benzo crown ethers, obtained from the reaction of catechol and oligoethylene glycol ditosylate. Crown ethers containing aldehyde group were synthesized from the reaction of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and corresponding ditosylate respectively. The synthesized crown ethers were characterized respectively by IR, NMR. GC-Mass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.73-80
• /
• 2003

We report herein synthetic results obtained six new types of bis-benzocrown ethers containing imine group. Bis crown ethers1~3 are aminobenzo-15-crown-5-ether linked with terephthalaldehyde, isophthalaldehyde, phthaldehyde respectively by imine reaction. Bis crown ethers1~3 are different distances in each crown ether rings. Bis crown ether 4 has large cavity in crown ethers. Functionalized crown ether 5 is synthesized amonobenzo-15-crown-5-ether and terephthaladehyde same ratio at one to one. Bis crown ether 6 has photosensitive linkage between crown ethers. Bis crown ether 7 is prepared by amonobenzo-15-crown-5-ether and triethyl ortho formate. 4'-Nitrobenzo-crown ethers and 3',4'-dinitrobenzo-crown ethers were prepared by nitration of benzo crown ethers, obtained from the reaction of catechol and oligoethylene glycol ditosylate. Crown ethers containing aldehyde group were synthesized from the reaction of 3,4-dihydroxybenzaldehyde and corresponding ditosylate respectively. The synthesized crown ethers were characterized respectively by IR, NMR, GC-Mass.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.47 no.2
• /
• pp.392-408
• /
• 2023

This study concerns the flower-shaped silver crown ornament and inverted triangle-shaped crown ornament of Baekje, which were worn frequently during the Sabi period. The purpose of this study is to present a new estimated shape of the crown and ornaments. Individual excavation cases and archaeological data were analyzed. The flower-shaped silver crown ornament appears as a thin silver plate with buds on the center and side branches and is symmetrically bent from the center to form a ∧ shape. The inverted triangle-shaped crown ornament resembles two right-angle triangles that are back-to-back. The crown to which the two ornaments were added appears to be a triangular crown that was made by covering birch bark of with fabric. Both ornaments were believed to have been located on the front of crown, but that is incorrect. The flower-shaped silver crown ornament was inserted on the front of the crown, and the inverted triangle-shaped crown ornament was fixed with a tip at the top of the crown and then obliquely on the crown's side. The inferred design was confirmed with real reproductions. This study is significant in that it identifies the crown of Baekje during the Sabi period.

• Analytical Science and Technology
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.60-65
• /
• 1997

Solvent extraction of alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations by mono-crown ether(benzo-15-crown-5) and bis-(crown ether)s(ethylenediamine bis(4'-formyl benzo-15-crown-5)) containing benzo-15-crown-5 moieties were investigated with water-chloroform system at $25^{\circ}C$. The order of the extraction equilibrium constants($K_e$) and the complexation constants($K_c$) for the alkali metal and alkaline earth metal cations with mono-crown ether and bis-(crown ether)s were Ca(II)>Na(I)>Sr(II)>K(I)>Mg(II)>Rb(I) and Sr(II)>Ca(II)>K(I)>Rb(I)>Mg(II)>Na(I) respectively. These results were explained in terms of the size effect of metal cation and electron density effect. Also, the bis-(crown ether)s was found to extract metal cations more effectively than the corresponding mono-crown ether.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
• /
• v.39 no.2
• /
• pp.93-99
• /
• 2017

Purpose: With the development of digital dental technology, we are manufacturing prosthetic crown in various ways. However, the wax-up method that makes existing prosthetic crown is also used steadily. Thus, we will compare the shape of the crown designed with wax-up and the crown designed with CAD. Methods: Sculpt the crown with wax-up on the model to 10 dental technicians. The same model was used to design the crown CAD. Measure the size of the sculpted crown. The shapes were compared in three dimensions. Results: As a result, we could observe a difference in size and shape in crown designed with wax - up crown and crown. Conclusion: These results suggest that there are differences according to the method of carving crown and the method of processing.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
• /
• v.58 no.2
• /
• pp.193-197
• /
• 2014

Dibenzo-18-crown-6, dibenzo-21-crown-7 and dihydroxy dibenzo-18-crown-6 were synthesized by Bayer-Villiger oxidation strategy. Dibenzo-18-crown-6 and dibenzo-21-crown-7 could be synthesized through a three-step protocol starting from salicylaldehyde. Salicylaldehyde was reacted with bis-(2-chloroethyl)ether using $K_2CO_3$ in acetonitrile to link the two phenolic groups with the oxyethylene bridge followed by conversion of the formyl group to the hydroxy group via a Baeyer-Villiger reaction and finally linking the two phenolic group with appropriate oxyethylene bridge. The two target crown ethers were obtained in overall yield, 24% and 30%, respectively. This method has a great potential for synthesis of symmetrical as well as unsymmetrical dibenzo crowns with varying oxyethylene bridges. Baeyer-Villiger oxidation could be used to prepare dihydroxy derivative of dibenzo-18-crown-6 through acetylation of dibenzo-18-crown-6 followed by Baeyer-Villiger oxidation. The Baeyer-Villiger oxidation could be substantially accelerated using trifluoroacetic acid.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.109-113
• /
• 2003

We report herein synthetic results obtained new types of crown ethers containing coumarin group. Crown ethers containing coumarin group 1~3 are hydroxymethyl-15-crown-5-ether linked with 4-hydroxy coumarin-4-acetic acid by esterification reaction. Crown ethers containing coumarin group 1~3 have different cavity in each crown ether rings. The 12-crown-4 ether with coumarin 1 has the smallest cavity size. The 15-crown-5 ether with coumarine 2 has the medium cavity size. The 18-crown-6 ether with coumarin 3 has the largest cavity size. Therefore each crown ether with coumarin group will recognize different ionic radius meta. Because of different hole size in crown ethers, these crown ethers seem to be had different selectivity in luminescent sensors. The crown ethers with coumarine 1~3 synthesized hydroxymethyl-15-crown-5-ether and 4-hydroxy coumarin-4-acetic acid same ratio at one to one. The synthesized crown ethers were characterized respectively by IR, NMR. GC-Mass.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
• /
• v.2
• /
• pp.676-679
• /
• 2006

Mangrove crowns were delineated using active sensor LIDAR (LIght Detection And Ranging) data by a crown delineating model developed in this study. LIDAR data were acquired from airborne survey by a helicopter for the estuary of Macouria in the northeast coast of French Guiana. The canopy height image was derived from LIDAR vector data by calculating the difference between ground and non-ground data. The mangrove site in the study area was classified to three sectors by the time of mangrove settlement; Mangrove 1986, 2002 and 2003. The estimated crown of Mangrove 1986 was reliable defined for their size, number and volume because of larger crown size and bigger variation of crown height. The tree crown size of Mangrove 2002 and 2003 by the model was overestimated and the number of trees was much underestimated. The estimated crown was not for single crown but a crown group due to homogenous crown height and spatial resolution of LIDAR data. However the canopy height image derived from LIDAR data provided three-dimensional information of mangroves.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
• /
• v.99 no.2
• /
• pp.204-212
• /
• 2010

This study was performed in 22 unthinned Larix olgensis plantations in northeast China. Data were collected on 95 sample trees of different canopy positions and the diameter at breast height ($d_{1.3}$) ranged from 5.7 cm to 40.2 cm. The individual tree models for the prediction of vertical distribution of live crown, branch and needle biomass were built. Our study showed that the crown, branch and needle biomass distributions were most in the location of 60% crown length. These results were also parallel to previous crown studies. The cumulative relative biomass of live crown, branch and needle were fitted by the sigmoid shape curve and the fitting results were quite well. Meanwhile, we developed the crown ratio and width models. Tree height was the most important predictor for crown ratio model. A negative competition factor, ccf and bas which reflected the effect of suppression on a tree, reduced the crown ratio estimates. The height-diameter ratio was a significant predictor. The higher the height-diameter ratio, the higher crown ratio is. Diameter at breast height is the strongest predictor in crown width model. The models can be used for the planning of harvesting operations, for the selection of feasible harvesting methods, and for the estimation of nutrient removals of different harvesting practices.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.36 no.4
• /
• pp.290-297
• /
• 2020

This study analyzed and compared the damage rate, natural parasitic rate, and the morphological characteristics of Thecodiplosis japonensis larvae, which inhabit forest areas as control areas to large urban areas in 2018 and 2019. This research was conducted to provide basic data for the management of Thecodiplosis japonensis, which harm pine needles, and the results were as follows. First, the gall formation rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis collected from urban areas was upper-crown 35.59% and 34.25%, mid-crown 25.57% and 27.95%, and lower-crown 25.34% and 26.61%; the gall formation rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis was in the order of upper-crown>mid-crown>lower-crown in 2018 and 2019, respectively. In the control areas, the gall formation rates of Thecodiplosis japonensis in mountain villages in 2018 and 2019 were upper-crown 17.72% and 21.78%, mid-crown 13.85% and 16.97%, and lower-crown 15.12% and 15.79%; thus, in the order of upper-crown>lower-crown>mid-crown. The number of larvae in the galls of needles damaged by Thecodiplosis japonensis was as follows: the average number of larvae in the pine trees of urban areas was 9 and 8 in the upper-crown, 7 and 8 in the mid-crown, and 6 and 7 in the lower-crown respectively. This shows that the number of larvae was fewer in the lower-crown than the upper-crown, and that the number of larvae was higher in 2018 than in 2019. For natural parasitic rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis, the gall formation rate and natural parasitic rate of Thecodiplosis japonensis were surveyed; the natural parasitic rate was 12.5% and 11.8% in urban areas while the rate was 21.7% and 20.9% in mountain villages in respectively in 2018 and 2019.