• KIEAE Journal
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

The primary concerns of recreation plan are to provide visitors with quality of recreational experience and to protect of recreation resources. The quality of recreational experience is often defined in terms of social carrying capacity. The carrying capacity is revealed as perceived crowding. In this respects, measuring perceived crowding is useful tool of social carrying capacity determination. This study is to test the structural equation model that includes variables affecting perceived crowding. Through an on-site questionnaire survey, 467 visitors on Naejangsan national park were collected. The results of the study are follows. The encounter level on facility area is higher evaluated as crowding factor than other area in the park. It can be concluded that visitor perceived crowding when facility area situates high density use level rather than other areas expose high density use level. In the path analysis, the input variables(attitude, experience, encounter level) on the structural equation model affect significantly on perceived crowding. Especially, the attitude on the park management polocy is the most affecting factor on perceived crowding.

• 대한치과교정학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.217-225
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• 1988

This study was undertaken to examine relationship between tooth size and arch dimension in dental crowding. Two groups of dental casts were selected on the basis of dental crowding. One group, consisting of 51 pairs of dental casts (24 male and 27 female), exhibited remarkable dental crowding. A second group, consisting of 60 pairs of dental casts (30 male and 30 female), exhibited little or no crowding. Mean and standard deviation of the following parameters were used to compare two groups. individual and collective mesiodistal tooth diameters, buccal and lingual arch widths and arch area. The following results were obtained. 1. The crowed group revealed larger tooth size than noncrowded group. (p < 0.01) 2. The crowded group smaller maxillary dental arch dimension than noncrowded group except lingual arch width at canine region. (p < 0.01) 3. The corwded group revealed smaller mandibular dental arch dimension than noncrowded group except lingal arch width at second premalar region in the male and buccal arch width at canine, premolar region in the female. (p < 0.01) 4. The crowded group revealed smaller arch area than noncrowded group in the female (p < 0.01), but there was no significance in the male.

• 한국IT서비스학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.125-138
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• 2020

Currently, subway crowding is estimated by observing a specific point at specific hours once or twice every 1 or 2 years. Given the extensive subway network in Seoul Metropolitan Area covering 588 stations, 11 lines and 80 transfer stations as of 2017, implementing crowding mitigation policy may have its limitations due to data uncertainty. A proposal has recently been made to effectively use smart card data, which generates big data on the overall subway traffic related to an estimated 8 million passengers per day. To mitigate subway crowding, this study proposes two viable options based on data related to smart card used in Seoul Metropolitan Area. One is to create a subway passenger pattern model to accurately estimate subway crowding, while the other is to prove effectiveness of early bird policy to distribute subway demand that is concentrated at certain stations and certain time. A subway passenger pattern model was created to estimate the passenger routes based on subway terminal ID at the entrance and exit and data by hours. To that end, we propose assigning passengers at the routes similar to the shortest routes based on an assumption that passengers choose the fastest routes. In the model, passenger flow is simulated every minute, and subway crowding level by station and line at every hour is analyzed while station usage pattern is identified by depending on passenger paths. For early bird policy, highly crowded stations will be categorized based on congestion level extracted from subway passenger pattern model and viability of a policy which transfers certain traveling demands to early commuting hours in those stations will be reviewed. In particular, review will be conducted on the impact of policy implemented at certain stations on other stations and lines from subway network as a whole. Lastly, we proposed that smart card based subway passenger pattern model established through this study used in decision making process to ensure effective implementation of public transport policy.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.37-49
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• 2002

The objective of this research was an investigation of the important green spaces in Daegu and to present the basic frame of green network in Daegu. Present the condition of the significant green spaces is as follows: In the 3km radius of the city center, the isolation and discontinuation of the green spaces was extensive, caused by crowding of houses and funeral parlours. Consequently, the isolation relaxation which leads to the additional creation of the green spaces and a buffering plan were demanded. In the transfer area of a 3∼6km radius, which is located between the city center's congested area and the suburb green spaces, the significant green spaces had high connection and buffering characteristic, but in the northwest and the south, serious discontinuation appeared between the suburb green spaces and the city conte green spaces. In the 6∼9km radius, the suburb important green spaces accomplished the function which extended the back core green spaces to the city center area. But creation of buffering green spaces was necessary in part because of proximity to the resident area. The results suggest a connection between green spaces on the base of the distribution of the important green spaces, were as follows: In the 3km radius, irregular direction lines appeared while a schedule one direction line appeared in 3∼6km and 6∼9km radius. The discontinued parts of the green network were caused by industrial complexes, house crowding, and cultivation areas. Consequently, reservation and creation plans of green spaces in response to this were demanded. Through the additional creation of green spaces in the discontinued parts, the basic frame of green network in Daegu was the radiation annular form. And it was suitable to activate the parks and the general green spaces.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2016

With the growing use of big data and data mining, it serves to understand how such techniques can be used to understand various relationships in the healthcare field. This study uses hierarchical methods of data analysis to explore similarities in hospitalization across several New York state counties. The study utilized methods of measuring crowding distance of data for age-specific hospitalization period. Crowding distance is defined as the longest distance, or least similarity, between urban cities. It is expected that the city of Clinton have the greatest distance, while Albany the other cities are closer because they are connected by the shortest distance to each step. Similarities were stronger across hospital stays categorized by age. Hierarchical clustering can be applied to predict the similarity of data across the 10 cities of hospitalization with the measurement of crowding distance. In order to enhance the performance of hierarchical clustering, comparison can be made across congestion distance when crowding distance is applied first through the application of converting text to an attribute vector. Measurements of similarity between two objects are dependent on the measurement method used in clustering but is distinguished from the similarity of the distance; where the smaller the distance value the more similar two things are to one other. By applying this specific technique, it is found that the distance between crowding is reduced consistently in relationship to similarity between the data increases to enhance the performance of the experiments through the application of special techniques. Furthermore, through the similarity by city hospitalization period, when the construction of hospital wards in cities, by referring to results of experiments, or predict possible will land to the extent of the size of the hospital facilities hospital stay is expected to be useful in efficiently managing the patient in a similar area.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.93-102
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• 1992

This study was carried out to estimate the recreation carrying capacity of lawn areas in parks. Recreation carrying capacity in this study is composed of two parts, ecological carrying capacity. This part deals with the psychological carrying capacity, based on the perception of crowding level and recreation satisfaction of users. The survey was conducted at the lawn areas of Doturag World and Seorabul Plaza in Bomun Resort Complex in Kyungju. The major results are as follows: 1. As the result of regression of regression analysis between use density of lawn area and level of perceived crowding, the capacity was estimated as 60.0㎡ man. 2. As the result of regression analysis between use density of lawn areas and total recreation satisfaction, the capacity was estimated as 48.5㎡/man. 3. As the result of regression analysis between use density of lawn areas and satisfaction to use density, the capacity was estimated as 63.2㎡/man. 4. As a conclusion, the psychological carrying capacity was estimated as 60.0㎡/man. And this value is based on user's perception of crowding and recreation satisfaction level for each use densities.

• 한국유통학회지:유통연구
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.1-27
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• 2012

본 연구는 3대 대형마트(이마트, 홈플러스 및 롯데마트)의 점포이미지 구성요인이 쇼핑가치 및 쇼핑만족에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 점포이미지 구성요인으로 점포분위기, 판매원서비스, 부대시설, 제품구색 및 점포입지를 포함하였고, 쇼핑가치로는 실용적 쇼핑가치 및 쾌락적 쇼핑가치 등을 포함하였다. 자료는 지방에 위치한 세 점포를 이용하는 쇼핑객 114명을 대상으로 'mall-intercept' 방법에 의해 수집한 다음, SmartPLS 2.0에 의해 분석하였다. 분석결과, 판매원서비스 및 점포입지가 실용적 쇼핑가치에 영향을 주고, 점포분위기, 판매원서비스 및 점포입지가 쾌락적 쇼핑가치에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 쇼핑가치들은 모두 쇼핑만족에 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이들 두 쇼핑가치 가운데 쾌락적 쇼핑가치가 쇼핑만족에 더 많은 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 지각된 혼잡이 쇼핑가치와 쇼핑만족 간의 관계에 대해 조절역할을 하는지 분석하였다. 분석결과, 쇼핑가치와 쇼핑만족 간의 관계에서 지각된 혼잡이 조절역할을 하지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 쇼핑가치와 쇼핑만족 간의 관계에서 지각된 혼잡의 정도에 따라 이들 관계의 크기가 크게 변하지 않음을 의미한다. 지각된 혼잡의 조절역할 외에, 지각된 혼잡이 쇼핑만족에 직접영향을 줄 것으로 가정하고 이를 WarpPLS 3.0에 의해 분석한 결과, 두 변수 간에는 비선형 관계(non-linear)가 있음이 밝혀졌다. 즉 점포혼잡을 크게 지각할수록 쇼핑만족은 더 크게 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구가 기존의 연구와 다른 차별점은 이들 간의 관계에서 지각된 혼잡의 역할을 중점적으로 분석하였다는 점이다. 본 연구는 점포이미지가 쇼핑만족에 미치는 직접효과도 분석하였다. 즉 소비자가 지각하는 점포에 대한 이미지가 쇼핑가치를 매개하지 않고 쇼핑만족에 직접 영향을 주는가를 분석하였다. 분석결과, 점포분위기와 판매원서비스가 쇼핑만족에 직접 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 실무적 시사점, 연구의 한계 및 향후의 연구방향 등에 대해 기술하였다.

• 기술사
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.58-63
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• 2006

How the balanced national development policy will be propelled? We study for the vision of a construction of the three leading strategic business; Multifunctional Administrative city, Innovation city, Enterprise city. The balanced regional development of our counry promotes the development of the falling behind area and solves the inefficiency of over crowding from quantitative expansion of the Metropolitan area.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2008년도 춘계학술발표대회 논문집
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• pp.135-139
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• 2008

A rural area of Korea is inferior compare to urban areas in physical settlements, and an elderly people of the inhabitant increased and it is not easy to see young people in a rural villages. It comes from income difference between industrial type and area and leaving rural area are the accelerated and repeated, and resident who live in rural area after twenty to thirty years can be an elderly society A settlement of rural area is needed settlement rehabilitation for elderly society as follows first, a model development and public support of settlement rehabilitation for rural areas. Second, village remodeling of farming village for elderly are discussed. The rehabilitate rural villages is expected an immigration from urban area which over crowding, and eco tour as new industry.

• 한국농촌건축학회논문집
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.61-68
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• 2012

The purpose of this paper is to derive attractive items of 'Hanok' in order to preserve 'Hanok' in urban area, focused on the 13 preceding studies which have got in respect of image, satisfaction, preference, awareness and advantage of 'Hanok' in urban area revolved around the latest studies. This study is analysis of questionnaire items and results of 13 preceding studies. And attractive items are classified with general and overall survey items, advantage of 'Hanok' in urban area, and image of Hanok-density urban area. These can also be classified with 5 items which are space, health, material, form, and image of 'Hanok' in urban area. As a result, Space items are composed with 'use of a space', 'cosiness', 'garden' and 'floor and ondol(korean floor heating system). Health items are composed with 'lighting and ventialtion', 'a sense of the season' and 'natural material'. Material items are composed with 'natural beauty', 'wooden', 'changhoji(traditional Korean paper made from mulberry bark for doors and windows) and hanji(traditional Korean paper handmade from mulberry trees), 'rafter' and 'new materials'. Form items are composed with 'attractive appearance', 'simply decoration' and 'traditional elements'. Image items are composed with 'crowding', 'traditionality and historicity', 'dichroism' and 'warmth'.