• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• 제13권7호
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• pp.3386-3411
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• 2019

Secured and reliable routing is a crucial factor for improving the performance of Wireless Mesh Networks (WMN) since these networks are susceptible to many types of attacks. The existing assumption about the internal nodes in wireless mesh networks is that they cooperate well during the forwarding of packets all the time. However, it is not always true due to the presence of malicious and mistrustful nodes. Hence, it is essential to establish a secure, reliable and stable route between a source node and a destination node in WMN. In this paper, a trust based secure routing algorithm is proposed for enhancing security and reliability of WMN, which contains cross layer and subject logic based reliable reputation scheme with security tag model for providing effective secured routing. This model uses only the trusted nodes with the forwarding reliability of data transmission and it isolates the malicious nodes from the providing path. Moreover, every node in this model is assigned with a security tag that is used for efficient authentication. Thus, by combining authentication, trust and subject logic, the proposed approach is capable of choosing the trusted nodes effectively to participate in forwarding the packets of trustful peer nodes successfully. The simulation results obtained from this work show that the proposed routing protocol provides optimal network performance in terms of security and packet delivery ratio.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

This work presents a safety assessment of an underground tunnel subjected to a ballistic missile attack employing the numerical approach. For the impact simulation, a box shaped reinforced concrete (RC) structure with a cross section dimension of 8.0×10.0 m under a soil layer that was attacked by a SCUD missile was modeled using finite element (FE) software LS-DYNA. SCUD missile is one of a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by Soviet Union during the Cold War, which is adopted for a short-range ballistic missile. The developed FE simulation for the penetration depth of the missile impacting into the soil structure was verified from the well-known formula of the penetration prediction. The soil-structure interaction, the soil type, and the impact missile velocity effects on the penetration depth of the missile into the different soil types were investigated. The safety assessment of the underground tunnel was performed with regard to the different depths of the underground tunnel. For each missile velocity and soil type, a specific depth called the unsafe depth was obtained from the analysis results. The structure beneath the soil beyond this depth remains safe. The unsafe depth was found to be increased with the increasing missile velocity.

• Structural Monitoring and Maintenance
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2022

In the present study, the objective is to detect the structural damages using the responses obtained from the sensors at the optimal location under uncertainty conditions. Reducing the error rate in damage detection process due to responses' noise is an important goal in this study. In the proposed algorithm for optimal sensor placement, the noise of responses recorded from the sensors is initially reduced using the principal component analysis. Afterward, the optimal sensor placement is obtained by the damage detection equation based sensitivity analysis. The sensors are placed on degrees of freedom corresponding to the minimum error rate in structural damage detection through this procedure. The efficiency of the proposed method is studied on a truss bridge, a space dome, a double-layer grid as well as a three-story experimental frame structure and the results are compared. Moreover, the performance of the suggested method is compared with three other algorithms of Average Driving Point Residue (ADPR), Effective Independence (EI) method, and a mass weighting version of EI. In the examples, young's modulus, density, and cross-sectional areas of the elements are considered as uncertainty parameters. Ultimately, the results have demonstrated that the presented algorithm under uncertainty conditions represents a high accuracy to obtain the optimal sensor placement in the structures.

• 한국초전도ㆍ저온공학회논문지
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• 제10권4호
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• pp.6-8
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• 2008

$Y_{2}O_{3}$ nanodots have been deposited on top of the substrate surface using rf-sputtering method. This approach was adopted to be able to modulate the substrate surface with nanodots used as a seed for the flux pinning sites in the superconducting films. The nanodot density of $Y_{2}O_{3}$ was controlled mainly using the deposition time, rf-power, and substrate temperature. $Y_{2}O_{3}$ nanodots with ${\sim}\;50\;nm$ in diameter and ${\sim}\;3\;nm$ in height were obtained at rf-sputtering time of about 15 seconds using 400 watts of rf-power and $630^{\circ}C$ of substrate temperature. As deposition time increased up to about 30 seconds, the interconnected islands of $Y_{2}O_{3}$ nanodots formed, which can be clearly observed with AFM surface image. The substrate surface was covered entirely with $Y_{2}O_{3}$ layer above the deposition time of 60 seconds. The modulated surface morphologies and cross section analysis of deposited $Y_{2}O_{3}$ nanodots at various experimental conditions have been examined using AFM and discussed with respect to the flux pinning sites for the practical application.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.29-41
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• 2023

The 3D geospatial modeling of geotechnical information can aid in understanding the geotechnical characteristic values of the continuous subsurface at construction sites. In this study, a geostatistical optimization model for the three-dimensional (3D) mapping of subsurface stratification and the SPT-N value based on a trial-and-error rule was developed and applied to a dam emergency spillway site in South Korea. Geospatial database development for a geotechnical investigation, reconstitution of the target grid volume, and detection of outliers in the borehole dataset were implemented prior to the 3D modeling. For the site-specific subsurface stratification of the engineering geo-layer, we developed an integration method for the borehole and geophysical survey datasets based on the geostatistical optimization procedure of ordinary kriging and sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) by comparing their cross-validation-based prediction residuals. We also developed an optimization technique based on SGS for estimating the 3D geometry of the SPT-N value. This method involves quantitatively testing the reliability of SGS and selecting the realizations with a high estimation accuracy. Boring tests were performed for validation, and the proposed method yielded more accurate prediction results and reproduced the spatial distribution of geotechnical information more effectively than the conventional geostatistical approach.

• Wind and Structures
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.143-152
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• 2020

The wind design of buildings is typically based on strength provisions under ultimate loads. This is unlike the ductility-based approach used in seismic design, which allows inelastic actions to take place in the structure under extreme seismic events. This research investigates the application of a similar concept in wind engineering. In seismic design, the elastic forces resulting from an extreme event of high return period are reduced by a load reduction factor chosen by the designer and accordingly a certain ductility capacity needs to be achieved by the structure. Two reasons have triggered the investigation of this ductility-based concept under wind loads. Firstly, there is a trend in the design codes to increase the return period used in wind design approaching the large return period used in seismic design. Secondly, the structure always possesses a certain level of ductility that the wind design does not benefit from. Many technical issues arise when applying a ductility-based approach under wind loads. The use of reduced design loads will lead to the design of a more flexible structure with larger natural periods. While this might be beneficial for seismic response, it is not necessarily the case for the wind response, where increasing the flexibility is expected to increase the fluctuating response. This particular issue is examined by considering a case study of a sixty-five-story high-rise building previously tested at the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel Laboratory at the University of Western Ontario using a pressure model. A three-dimensional finite element model is developed for the building. The wind pressures from the tested rigid model are applied to the finite element model and a time history dynamic analysis is conducted. The time history variation of the straining actions on various structure elements of the building are evaluated and decomposed into mean, background and fluctuating components. A reduction factor is applied to the fluctuating components and a modified time history response of the straining actions is calculated. The building components are redesigned under this set of reduced straining actions and its fundamental period is then evaluated. A new set of loads is calculated based on the modified period and is compared to the set of loads associated with the original structure. This is followed by non-linear static pushover analysis conducted individually on each shear wall module after redesigning these walls. The ductility demand of shear walls with reduced cross sections is assessed to justify the application of the load reduction factor "R".

• 한국인터넷방송통신학회논문지
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.85-92
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 모바일 무선 센서네트워크에서 전송효율을 증가시키기 위해 OFDM을 사용한 클러스터링 기반의 협력도움 라우팅 방법을 제안한다. 제안된 방법의 주요한 특징 및 기여도는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 안정적인 전송 서비스를 효과적으로 지원하기 위하여 하부 구조로서 모바일 노드들의 위치 정보를 이용한 클러스터링 방법을 사용한다. 둘째, 데이터 전송 및 신뢰성 효율을 향상시키기 위해 하부구조로 사용된 클러스터링 정보를 이용한 협력전송 방법이 제안 사용된다. 셋째, 채널 효율을 통한 전송효율 향상을 위해서 OFDM 기반의 전송방법이 사용된다. 넷째, 기존의 센서네트워크는 주로 고정된 센서 노드들로 구성된 환경에서 많은 연구가 되어 왔지만, 본 연구에서는 노드들의 이동성을 고려한 모바일 무선 센서네트워크에서 연구가 이루어진다. 제안된 방법의 성능평가는 OPNET(Optimized Network Engineering Tool)을 사용한 시뮬레이션과 이론적 분석을 통하여 이루어진다. 성능평가를 통하여 제안된 방법은 데이터 전송효율을 효과적으로 증가 시킬 수 있음을 알 수 있다.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제3권3호
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• pp.269-288
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• 2018

180 different 2D numerical analyses have been carried out to estimate the factor of safety (FOS) for rooted slopes. Four different types of vegetated coverage and a variety of slope geometry considering three types of soil have been evaluated in this study. The highly influenced parameters on the slope's FOS are determined. They have been chosen as the input parameters for developing a new practical relationship to estimate the FOS with an emphasis on the roots effects. The dependency of sliding mode and shape considering the soil and roots-type has been evaluated by using the numerical finite element model. It is observed that the inclination and height of the slope and the coverage type are the most important effective factors in FOS. While the soil strength parameters and its physical properties would be considered as the second major group that affects the FOS. Achieved results from the developed relationship have shown the acceptable estimation for the roots slope. The extracted R square from the proposed relationship considering nonlinear estimation has been achieved up to 0.85. As a further cross check, the achieved R square from a multi-layer neural network has also been observed to be around 0.92. The numerical verification considering different scenarios has been done in the current evaluation.

• 한국정보통신학회논문지
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1250-1256
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• 2018

최근 무선 네트워크는 사이버 물리 시스템 및 차세대 산업 자동화 시스템과 같은 크리티컬한 대형 응용 분야의 핵심 인프라가 되고 있다. 그러나, 무선 네트워크가 갖는 원천적인 링크 성능의 불확실성으로 인하여 전체 시스템의 안정성에 치명적 문제를 야기할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 네트워크 내 링크의 실시간 상태 정보 없이 응용의 요구 성능을 만족시킬 수 있는 능동형 무선 네트워크 최적화기를 제시한다. 특히, 제시하는 능동형 최적화기는 네트워크 상에서 최대 $\kappa$-개의 링크 결함이 발생하더라도 항시 성능을 보장할 수 있도록, 라우팅 경로와 트래픽 분산을 최적화하는 계층 교차적 방안이다. 시뮬레이션을 통하여, 제안된 능동형 네트워크 최적화기가 기존의 수동형 네트워크에 비하여 고강건성을 보장하는 것을 분석하였다. 또한, 능동형 네트워크는 수동형 네트워크의 주요 단점인 링크 상태 정보의 오류로 인한 성능 감쇄 및 네트워크 재구성과 같은 비용이 발생하지 않는다.

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제34권11B호
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• pp.1151-1168
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• 2009

멀티미디어의 프레임들은 QoS에 각각 다른 정도의 영향을 미치기 때문에, 패킷 손실을 줄이는 것이 항상 QoS를 향상시키는 것은 아니다. 사용자가 느끼는 QoS를 극대화하기 위해 본 논문은 중요성 기반 패킷 스케줄링을 제안한다. 중요성 기반 패킷 스케줄링 기법은 패킷 스케줄링의 두 가지 근본적인 문제를 해결한다. 하나는 "무엇을 보내는 가"이고 다른 하나는 "언제 보내는 가" 이다. 이용 가능한 대역폭이 계속 변화할 때, 대역폭에 적응하기 위해 모든 패킷을 보낼 수 없을 경우에는 일부의 패킷을 선택해서 보낼 수밖에 없다. 이를 위해 패킷 Significance를 제안하는데, 패킷 Significance는 효과적으로 프레임 상관관계를 파악하고 프레임의 중요도를 정량화한다. 그리디(greedy) 접근 기법이 패킷 선택 문제에 사용되었고, 패킷 Significance가 전송 스케줄링에 고려되었다. 널리 공개된 MPEG-4 비디오 클립이 실험에 사용되었으며, 시뮬레이션 소프트웨어에 디코딩 엔진이 삽입되었고, 성능 평가를 위해 PSNR을 측정하였다. 크기 기반 패킷 스케줄링 기법 및 비트 레이트 기반 최선(bit-rate based best-effort) 스케줄링 기법과 성능을 비교 분석하였다. 제안하는 기법이 더 중요한 패킷에 차별화 된 보호기능을 성공적으로 부여하며, QoS를 크게 향상시키는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.