• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 1993

The traditional farming method has very long history in the process of agricultural development. The application of chemical fertilizers production became most popular to increase quantities of agricultural production. The United States of America is one of largest countries in the world. There are at present 50 States and farming conditions are very different from each individual States. There are increasing trend of agricultural production by applying chemical fertilizers as well as sprays during last 50 years(1940-90). The disadvantages of conventional farming method were to destroy nature and human life. There were some other kinds of disadvantages such as nitriated contamination in drinking water both for human being and animals. The alternative farming method is one of new farming method reducing and/of non-application of chemical fertilizers and sprays in agricultural production. There is less economic research on alternative farming system about $5.444 economic advatages in organic farms comparing commercial farms at the same area. There are advantage of higher unit price level in orgnic products, decreasing chemical costs as well as effect of crop combinations. It is certainly necessary to have more empirical research on economic and management of alternative farming method in the United States of America. However, if there is economic advantage in alternative farming methods, the future development possibility of alternative farming method can be very bright in vear future. There might be more advantages such as soil conservation, better quality of agricultural products, better health conditions of farmer's and consumer's as well as keeping healthy environment of rural and urban areas.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.43-70
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• 1994

Presently the concept of organic farming has not simply technical categories such as no agricul-tural chemicals and no chemical fertilizer but can be also extended to the categories of economics, food nutrition, environmental and philosophical aspects. Accordingly, in order to understand cor-rectly organic farming, it is necessary to look into the concept including these extended aspects. So the production and consumption activities of organic farming products are largely based on the fundamental philosophy of organic farming. That is, all the life that is included in an ecosystem has to live in symbiosis, which is based on life circulation principle. And if this circultaion system is destroyed, human life may be threatended. Farmers who produce organic farming prducts(organic farmer) receive price higher than general farmers. This study shows the gap of 46.9% in two products. Also, since the price of organic farming products is fluctuated less relatively, Organic farming pruducts can be competed against imported agricultural products in terms of food safety. And organic farming should be managed by crop rotation and composite farm management upon which the principle of material circulation is worked. This composite management is devided into 2 classes, which are individually livestock-have-composite management and regional composite management. These management method means that organic materials are crucial to maintain the structure and fertility and these organic materials are easily obtained from animal as by-products.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.50 no.1
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• pp.39-44
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• 2005

This study was conducted to examine the physiological and biochemical responses against UV-B radiation in the seedling of 15 different rice cultivars, having the different physiological sensitivities. Out of 15 rice cultivars tested, moderate and susceptible groups showed significant decreases in biomass and RGR (relative growth rate). Contents of total chlorophyll were reduced remarkedly by irradiation of UV-B. In all rice cultivars tested, the content of chlorophyll a was strongly decreased, while the contents of chlorophyll b were slightly reduced without showing clear different among three groups and 15 cultivars. Carotenoid content was largely reduced by UV-B radiation, whereas polyamine content was moderately increased. The contents of MDA (malondialdehyde) that reflect the level of lipid peroxidation of cell membranes were clearly increased by UV-B stress, showing higher content in susceptible cultivars than moderate and torelant cultivars. The physiological important parameters highly related to visible injury were leaf color, chlorophyll, carotenoid, and lipid peroxidation, whereas biomass and polyamines were not closely correlated. Based on this results, it was concluded that changes of visible injury and the contents of chlorophyll and MDA could be adequately applied and utilized as physiological indicators to UV-B radiation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.64-75
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• 1986

The objective of this study was to develop a mathematical model for optimum design of diversified farming systems which have the regional characteristics. For this purpose, the farming surveys were conducted for mainly 1984 agriculture. They were carried out on January and July 1985 for three villages of central region of Korea. The surveyed data were analyzed by systems analysis and the diversified farming systems were modeled. They consist of four and six croping patterns for paddy and upland, two and three kinds of fruit crop and livestock, and seven kinds of farm machinery for each work system. Then a mathematical model was developed by the multiple objective decision making (MODM) method in order to design optimum systems of diversified farming. It consists of 23 decision variables, two objective functions and nine constraint functions. The goals of objective function are maximization of agricultural incomes and power inputs of farm machinery, and the modeled factors for constraint function are arable land, available capital, labor, and land utilization.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.97-110
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• 2000

An organic agriculture should be managed by mixed farming in farm unit as a closed recycling system. Due to restricted purchased of fertilizers from outside, organic farmer has to deal with limited amount of nutrient source in farm unit. Especially the supply of the essential nutrient, nitrogen, mostly depends on legumes fixing nitrogen optimizing the site-adapted crop rotation. Dynamics of humus and metabolic plant carbon and active soil carbon compartment in active and passive humuspool by rotation system was explained, and dynamics of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in organic nitrogen and biomass was discussed. It was also discussed comparison of ammonia emission, potential greenhouse effect, primary energy input, acidification potential, CO2 emission between organic and conventional farming, the nitrate-nitrogen dynamic in the soil profile by organic, integrated and conventional farming system. In conclusion, it was suggested for Korean Organic Agriculture that the importance of legumes and green manures in rotation system for increase/maintenance of soil ferfility, and was pointed out the need of investment for environment impact of Korean organic farming implement.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2021.05a
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• pp.194-196
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• 2021

This focuses on the Cultivation Plan Service at the preliminary production phase is critical in that it supports agricultural producers' decision by providing related information such as predicted crop production or expected profits for consulting or other agricultural information when they plan to cultivate. This paper describes the reference architecture of the farming sector will benefit immensely from the implementation of farming data in farming contents repository which will serve as the knowledge base for the Cultivation Plan Service at the pre-production stage based on Big data analysis.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.8-15
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• 2014

In order to evaluating physiochemical properties of soil under minimum tillage and direct seeding cultivation on dry rice paddy, we conducted to analyze the soil physiochemical characteristics in treatment with 2-year minimum tillage and dry direct seeding (2MT), 3-year minimum tillage and dry direct seeding (3MT), and tillage transplanting cultivation (TT). As results of analyzing soil organic matter (OM) contents with 2 cm soil depth of interval from surface to 30 cm, OM contents with surface soil from 0 to 2MT and 3MT were higher than TT, recorded 34.6, 28.1 and $19.8gkg^{-1}$, respectively. But until 20cm in soil depth, it was not so large on the deviation of OM contents among the 3 treatments comparing with 2cm surface. Beneath 20 cm in soil depths, 2- and 3-year, OM contents in TT were distributed to be lower than 2MT and 3MT. The contents of total nitrogen in 2MT and 3MT were higher than the content in TT across the soil profile. Consequently, though minimum tillage and direct seeding farming is obviously the practice to saving of machinery work and labor, other practices such as continuously input OM should be needed to achieve carbon sequestration goal through minimum tillage and direct seeding on dry paddy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.171-182
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• 2016

Since FAO introduced the Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems(GIAHS) in 2002, 36 sites of 15 countries so far have been listed on GIAHS. This study aims to find the important agricultural heritages of Korea and to prepare the methods for them to be selected as GIAHS. We have analyzed the proposals of the 36 GIAHS listed in order to study the characteristics of their components of the agricultural heritage which worked for being selected. To analyze the components of the agricultural heritage first, agricultural heritage was classified into 13 types and 42 components in light of GIAHS criteria. Then central themes were set to analyze the relevant contents in the proposals. They were, the type of GIAHS Site, significant agricultural landscape, the agriculture-forestry-fisheries-livestock linkage systems, the multi-layered, inter-cropping, circulation cultivation systems, the soil and water management systems, the conservation of agrobiological diversity and genetic resources, the history of the agricultural heritage, the succession of traditional farming techniques, the cultural diversity and so on. Most GIAHS are located in mountains, grasslands, rivers and coasts, desert than in plains, through which GIAHS assure us that it is the heritage of human challenge to overcome the harsh geographic environment and maintain a livelihood. In these sites the traditional farming techniques are carried on, such as mountain clearings, terraced rice paddies, and burn fields, and the unique irrigation systems and agricultural landscapes are well maintained, and the eco-friendly traditional farming techniques utilizing abundant forest resources and agriculture are well handed down. The origin or home of crop growing, a variety of genetic crop storage, the world's largest crop producer and preserving cultural diversity are also important factors for the selection.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.315-326
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• 2020

In this study, a real-time crop recognition system was developed for an unmanned farm machine for upland farming. The crop recognition system was developed based on a stereo camera, and an image processing framework was proposed that consists of disparity matching, localization of crop area, and estimation of crop height with coordinate transformations. The performance was evaluated by attaching the crop recognition system to a tractor for five representative crops (cabbage, potato, sesame, radish, and soybean). The test condition was set at 3 levels of distances to the crop (100, 150, and 200 cm) and 5 levels of camera height (42, 44, 46, 48, and 50 cm). The mean relative error (MRE) was used to compare the height between the measured and estimated results. As a result, the MRE of Chinese cabbage was the lowest at 1.70%, and the MRE of soybean was the highest at 4.97%. It is considered that the MRE of the crop which has more similar distribution lower. the results showed that all crop height was estimated with less than 5% MRE. The developed crop recognition system can be applied to various agricultural machinery which enhances the accuracy of crop detection and its performance in various illumination conditions.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.347-352
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• 2011

Environment-friendly agriculture (EFA) are aimed to reduce use of chemical inputs as possible the recycling of resources and the environment while preserving the local resources in the long term to ensure a constant productivity and profitability for producing safe food. This study was conducted to investigate characteristics on soil environment at paddy field of environment-friendly agriculture regions (EFARs) in Honam area. Survey point of EFARs Chungnam, Jeonbuk and Jeonnam, rice bran farming method in two districts, rice bran + snail farming method in eight districts, snail farming method in five districts and ducks farming method in three districts a total of 18 districts were selected. Annual of farming method, friendly-environment certification, amount of applied fertilizer, and history of cultivation to the farm household were surveyed. The content of available phosphate and silicate among the soil chemical properties in EFA paddy field were a little lower than optimum level, and those of agricultural methods fertilized with rice bran were a little lower than those of others. Hardness among the soil physical properties in EFA paddy field were a little lower than conventional practices, and that of agricultural methods fertilized with rice bran were a little lower than those of others. We showed fertilizer recommendation dose about soil nutritional shortages according to fertilization prescriptions index by crops.