• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.82-83
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• 2004

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 1998

Organic farming excludes any use of the herbicide. The present paper reviews what can be done for effective weed control with existing weed control technology by farmers crop-ping paddy rice, field crops, vegetables, and fruit trees. If condition of the crop-land-al-lows diversified rotational use of the paddy land as paddy and upland field would minimize weed problem. Practising this is limited in acreage due to extremely limited governmental investment to the land for the purpose. Secondly, rotation of crops in the upland field breaking life cycles of various weeds adapted to each crop should reduce the weed problem. This is also limited as only a few crops are making the farmer profitable. In addition climate and tolerance of crops to high and low temperature. Monsoon rains and poor drainage restrict the freedom of choice. For any crop land year-round multiple cropping in denser planting shall lessen the weed problem, this multiple cropping practiced by 1960s has been abandoned due to laborshortage and increased production cost. Deep flooding the rice is impractical at present in Korean. Mulching crop with transparent, black , or combinated polyethylene sheet, hs been in-creasingly used. Progresses in development and use of mulch with allelopathic crop residues. inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop residues, inexpensive paper mulch, allelopathic crop cultivar development, recently developed ex-perimental weeding machinaries, flamers, microbial herbicides, biological control organisms, soil sterilization techniques have been critically reviewed for their adoption into existing in-tegrated weeding system. Unfortunately, information on cost-benifit, and labor-benefit, for the various methods above mentioned are lacking. Urgent need for the research on rational weeding in organic farming, and herbicide low-input farming is emphasized.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2001.09a
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• pp.34-58
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• 2001

Within the paper, an overview of organic farming in Europe countries is given and the Principle and skills of organic agriculture is shortly reported with special regard to Germany. The overview information on European organic farming is covered such as (1)development of organic farming, (2) organic farming organizations, (3)standards and certification, (4)implementation of EU council regulation, (5)state support, (6)implementation of Agenda 2000, (7)training and education, (8)advisory service and research situation. In the paper the principle and skills for organic farming which are practiced actually in the German organic farms is also reported. How to maintain and increase the fertility and microbiological activity of the soil by (1)cultivation of legumes, green manures or deep-rooting crops in multi-annual rotation system, (2)incorporation in the soil organic material, by-products from livestock farming is one of the major principle to organic crop production. Pest and diseases and weeds are controlled by any one, or a combination of the following measure; (1) choice of appropriate species and varieties, (2)appropriate rotation programs, (3)mechanical cultivation, (4)protection of natural enemies of pests through provision of favourable habitat and ecological buffer zone, (5)diversified ecosystems, (6)flame weeding, (7)natural enemies, (8)bio-dynamic preparations, (9)mulching and mowing, (10)grazing of animals, (11)mechanical controls, (12)steam sterilization.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.55-65
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• 1978

Upland weed control in Korea has been in dilema with the radical problems prior to weed problems, as it were, poor farming conditions, low yielding, no farmers concern, lack of political cares, and low returns for farming, etc. In these respects, the study was intended to collect all concerns to upland farming conditions and to array all research informations contributed upon Korea upland weeding, and at last interpreted its problems in order of importance. Especially expecting the reasonable and common use herbicides upon the most uplands in Korea, the crop compatibility and weeding efficacy by the most herbicides upon each crops were investigated from the experiment results. Among other interpretations of research results, the most important and first of all acceptance was for the direction and methods of weed research to be rationalized. And that weeding programs in level of upland farmers should be cautionsely and gradually propagated was interpreted to be accepted. Also, for the reasonable development of upland weeding situation in near future, the integrated promotion of upland farming rationalization is suggested by schematic explanations.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.122-127
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• 2005

Late blight of potato caused by Phtophthora infestans is one of the most destructive disease in organic farming as well as in the conventional cultivation in Korea. Incidence and progress of the disease largely depend on climatic conditions around the fields. However, the disease completely destroys whole leaves of the plant within two weeks in organic farming fields. While, potato leaves in conventional farming fields remain healthy for 5 weeks after the first symptom appearance, because fungicides were applied four times in average to control the disease. Area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) of organic farming fields ranged from 2314 to 2421 and quickly expanded compare to that of conventional farming fields. The tuber yield in the organic farming fields ranged from 0.96 ton per 10a to 1.5 ton per 10a, while it was 2.7 ton per 10a in conventional farming fields. Tuber yields were reduced to $42\~63\%$ by the infection of late blight and the reduction rate was closely related with the time of first occurrence of the disease in organic farming fields. Physiological races of the pathogen were diversified with R0,1,3,4,5,7,10,11 in organic farming fields at Hongchun area. Pathogen races were distributed with similar pattern at different areas of organic farming fields.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1993.10a
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• pp.538-545
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• 1993

Individual farming involving small land parcel (0.5 to 1.0ha) is declining because it is uneconomic and unable to incorporate modern technological innovation to improve its production efficiency. A centrally managed medium scale mechanised rice share farming was implemented at Permatang Pauh, Sebeerang Perai, Malaysia in 1988-1991 for eight seasons on a contiguous 57 ha rice land rented from 100 owners. Ten participants were chosen to participate in this project which perpetuated from revolving fund of MR 165.000. The objective of the project was to overcome problem of production efficiency and to provide a stable income to farmers operating on a medium and full time basis. Mechanisation was given prime emphasis to optime and reduce labour requirement and meeting the targeted crop scheduling. Direct seeding and mechanical transplanting methods of crop establishment were adopted. Land preparations, crop establishment and crop care were done using machineries purchased by the group. Selected participants were trained to operate machineries which composed 2 and 4 wheel tractors, mechanical transplanters, motorised seeders and sprayers. Harvesting and transportation of rice to the mills were done on contractual basis using combine harvesters and bulk handling via 3-4 ton lorries respectively. The net clean yield (less 10-20 percent deduction at rice mills) obtained in such project has contributed to stabilise the production and income of participating farmers.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.121-134
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• 2004

Crop inputs in excess of the yield potential of the soil type reduce profitability and increase pollution problems from leaching and runoff. Inaccurate fertilizer and pesticide application can also result in profit loss. Current farming practices plan only for the dominate soil in the field. A government-supported program titled "Pilot village project for the environment-friendly agriculture" was proceeded from 1999 to 2001 to tackle the problems with which our agriculture is faced by introducing IPM, INM and others. The objective of this study is to consider the potential input savings of agricultural chemicals and economic feasibility of the project compared with the conventional farming. The results of the analysis indicate the followings: (1) organic or no-pesticide farming size was increased from 9% in 1999 to 20% in 2001 ; (2) crop yield was a link bit lower than that of the conventional farming, but the sal6 price, gross income and income of the pilot village were 6%, 10% and 9% higher than that of the conventional farming, respectively; and (3) fertilizer and pesticide use also showed decreasing trend gradually.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Plant Pathology Conference
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.74.2-75
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• 2005

• Journal of information and communication convergence engineering
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.8-13
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• 2019

Smart Farming has been regarded as an important application in information and communications technology (ICT) fields. Selecting crops for cultivation at the pre-production stage is critical for agricultural producers' final profits because over-production and under-production may result in uncountable losses, and it is necessary to predict crop production to prevent these losses. The ITU-T Recommendation for Smart Farming (Y.4450/Y.2238) defines plan/production consultation service at the pre-production stage; this type of service must trace crop production in a predictive way. Several research papers present that machine learning technology can be applied to predict crop production after related data are learned, but these technologies have little to do with standardized ICT services. This paper clarifies the relationship between agricultural consultation services and predicting crop production. A prediction scheme is proposed, and the results confirm the usability and superiority of machine learning for predicting crop production.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.24-40
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• 1998

This study attempts to make an observation on the problems and prospects for overseas agricultural investment(OAI) through the insights of farming and farmed companies abroad and through secondary data. OAI mainly aims at the securing steady supplies of crops, which could be anticipated to have increased foreign dependence, and to prepare for crop price fluctuations in the international markets. These functions of OAT are classified with the public and private sector. The public sector needs are largely crops supply for national food consumption and bilateral collaboration between nations. The private sector needs are to gain maximum profits from agricultural investments and to produce raw material for self-consumption in overseas farming companies. The problems in OAI are legal and institutional restrictions in the project area or nation; generally economical unfeasibility in the farm projects, and technical limitations of the farming companies. The prospects of OAI are not very promising. The reason why those many companies which previously planned on OAI changed their investment plans after what is called IMF system with financing difficulties.