• 무역상무연구
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• 제49권
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• pp.493-518
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• 2011

The term rules of origin(RoO) actually speaks for itself, referring to the rules which determine the origin of goods in international trade. The importance of RoO has grown significantly as preferential agreements expand and countries have treated similar imported goods differently according to where the product was made. The purpose of this paper is to study the main case study and its implication of RoO in FTAs. According to survey, the degree of using FTAs in Korea export firms is sharply low. Major reasons are that rules of origin differ from country to country in the FTAs, and that Korean firms have yet to work out what the RoO are. Chapter II of this paper views criteria of the determination country of origin of goods. Chapter III introduces the main case study of FTA rules of origin. Chapter VI presents implication through the case studies and finally concluded this study. In conclusion, Korea needs to build up its own position for rules of origin and provides rules of origin experts into the market. In-depth study and evaluation about Korea's existing FTAs RoO should be carried out to prepare for future FTAs.

• Journal of Korea Trade
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2019

Purpose - This study deals with a strategic plan for meeting the value added criteria effectively, which is one of the methods of determining origin used in preferential trade such as FTA. Automobile products, one of the major Korean export items, were selected to give a practical use against the FTA requirements. Design/methodology - This study is based on the value-added criteria of the Korea-US and Korea-EU FTAs that apply various value-added criteria. The Korea-US FTA adopts the RVC method based on the integration, deduction and net cost methods, while the MC method is employed in the Korea-EU FTA. The methodology used in this work is an extended literature review, analysis of the value-added criteria applied to automobile products under Korea-US and Korea-EU FTA with some secondary statistics. Findings - Based on in - depth analysis of the value - added criteria requirements for automobile products stipulated in the Korea - US FTA and the Korea - EU FTA, two strategic considerations are suggested. First is 'appropriate value-added strategy' and the second is 'strategy of changing production and trade structure'. The second strategy is a bit used in Korea but this is not considered best if the first strategy is ignored or forgotten. The second one is meaningful when this becomes inevitable. Research limitations/implications - This study is primarily designed to assist Korean auto mobile industry players exporting to EU and USA but this may help to auto part or material producers in FTA counter party territories being EU or USA as the preferential tariffs are applied on a inter region basis. A further research other than auto mobiles using other major FTAs might be followed later. Originality/value - There has been so far little research on strategic factors to meet the value-added origin requirements. This study, therefore, is expected to contribute facilitating the decision of FTA origin and to improve the utilization of FTA by allowing exporting companies using value added criterion to more smoothly meet origin requirements. This will also enable the tax authorities to utilize the value-added criterion to validate effectively the origin of imports where preferential tariffs are applied.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.447-470
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• 2012

원산지란 국제간의 교역에서 다루어지고 있는 모든 물품에 대한 국적을 나타내는 규정으로서 각국은 원산지 규정을 법 또는 제도로서 운영관리하며 산업재산권 보호차원에서 접근하고 있다. 최근 경제지도를 확대하기 위한 일환으로 확산되고 있는 FTA 협정에서 원산지규정은 매우 복잡한 절차와 이해를 필요로 하는 분야로 국가 간 협상의 최대 쟁점이 되고 있으며 우리나라의 경우 한 칠레 FTA를 시작으로 동시다발적으로 추진된 FTA 협정에서 원산지 기준은 각 협정별 차이로 인해 일관성이 결여되고 국가 간 협상이 쉽지 않은 분야이다. 특히 농업부문의 원산지 기준은 다른 재화와는 다른 농산물의 특성이 반영되어야 하며, 각 품목별 특성을 고려해야하는 분야이다. 기 체결된 협정문에서 다루어진 원산지 기준에 대한 충분한 검토와 품목별 비교를 통해 향후 추진되고 있는 FTA 협정체결과정에서 농업부문에 적용할 수 있는 시사점을 제공하는 것은 매우 큰 의미가 있다. 본 연구에서는 기체결 FTA 협정에서 농업부문의 원산지결정 기준에 대하여 칠레, 미국, ASEAN 그리고 EU와의 FTA 협정을 중심으로 검토하고 각각의 특징을 분석하여 향후 추진되는 FTA에서 활용될 수 있는 시사점을 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국의류산업학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.347-353
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• 2014

The purpose of this research was to present the possibility of an alternative production base for clothing business of South Korea through the analysis about textile/clothing industry production activities in the Gaeseong industrial complex. It is necessary for the Gaeseong industrial complex to cope with the issue about FTA and country of origin, manpower supply and demand, paying wages and labor productivity, the exclusive industrial complex of clothing. The Country of Origin on imports and exports tells the country of manufacture or production, where the product comes from. Rules of Origin are the special regulations to determine the country of origin of a product and exist in the forms of international law, legislation, precedent and administrative decisions. But the economy in the North and the Gaeseong industrial complex is a comparative advantage combined with elements of North-South interdependence as a South-North economic cooperation business and can contribute significantly to the stabilization of the North-South relations. Among the models using criteria of the determination of origin, it has directly provided the models of general regulation for offshore products, of limited offshore products. These models are to help Korean exporters in understanding and utilizing the Rules of Origin for their manufacturing. In addition, the development of the Gaeseong industrial complex will contribute to establish peace on the Korean peninsula as well as in Northeast Asia. Also economic cooperation between South and North Koreas is essential for peace and prosperity of the Korean people.

• 생약학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.235-241
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• 2013

Aucklandia lappa Decne (Compositae) has been used for treatment of abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, chronic inflammation, and antibacterial effect. The quality of these herbs has been affected by many factors such as collection time, place, temperature, cultivation environment and manufacturing process. We used costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone as marker compounds for quality evaluation of rhizome of Aucklandia lappa. 66 samples of Aucklandia lappa were collected from those habitats in Korea and China. The developed HPLC-DAD method was applied to investigate for quality control of Aucklandia lappa samples. The average contents of the costunolide and dehydrocostuslactone were 2.3895% and 0.9258%, respectively. The principal component analysis (PCA) exhibited that classification of Aucklandia lappa according to origin not separated. Results of this study may be satisfactory applied to determination of content criteria of Aucklandia lappa.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.201-223
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• 2015

2015년 5월 현재 한국은 세계 50개국과 FTA 발효 및 중국 외 3개국과 FTA 타결을 이룬 상황 하에서, 원산지 검증이 한 EU FTA와 한 미 FTA 체결이후 본격화됨에 따라 그 중요성은 커졌지만 국내검증사례에 대한 자료의 제한적 접근성 등의 사유로 인하여, 원산지 검증사례에 대한 종합적이고 세부적인 접근의 연구는 미진한 편이다. 본 연구에서는 원산지 검증제도 개요 및 FTA 체결 국가의 일반규정, 원산지규정과 원산지 결정기준에 대한 선행연구를 고찰하였다. 그리고 대표적인 직접검증 방식을 채택하고 있는 한 미 FTA와 간접검증 방식을 채택하고 있는 한 EU FTA를 중심으로 직 간접 검증 방식의 고찰을 통하고 원산지 검증의 주요 원산지 결정기준위반 현황을 파악하였다. 또한 기존 주요 원산지 결정기준 위반 요소들을 FTA 협정 법령상에서 제시한 원산지 충족 요건 유형별로 세분화하여 세부 유형별 위반 사례를 종합적으로 조사 분석하여 수출기업에서 원산지 검증에 있어 취약요인을 분석하여 이에 대한 기업의 대응방안을 제시하였다. 구체적 대응방안으로 민관합동 대응조직 구축의 필요성, 현실적 원산지 관리시스템 구축, 연관 중소기업간 FTA 원산지 정보 공유 허브 시스템 구축, 기업 내 원산지관리 대응 조직의 활성화 및 연계 부서 간 전사적 관심과 교육 활성화를 제시하였다.

• 통상정보연구
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.145-166
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• 2017

FTA 협정관세는 수입물품이 협정에 따른 협정관세의 적용대상이며, 협정상의 원산지결정기준에 따라 물품의 원산지가 해당 체약상대국일 경우에 적용된다. 협정관세를 적용받고자 하는 수입자는 수입신고 수리 전까지 세관장에게 협정관세의 적용을 신청하여야 한다. 본 연구는 FTA 체약상대국에서 수입한 물품에 대해 FTA 협정관세 혜택이 배제되어 수입자가 관세당국의 결정에 대한 심판청구를 한 사례를 중심으로 검토하여 FTA를 활용하는 기업의 협정관세 적용상 유의점을 살펴보았으며, 이를 바탕으로 다음과 같은 시사점을 제시하고자 한다. 먼저 한 EU FTA와 FTA 관세특례법상의 비당사국을 경유하는 물품의 직접운송원칙과 관련된 유효요건을 확인하고, 한 미 FTA와 FTA 관세특례법상의 원산지증명서의 인정기준과 협정관세 사후적용을 위한 신청기준 등과 같은 협정관세의 적용기준을 확인하여야한다. 그리고 한 EU FTA와 FTA 관세특례법상의 원산지신고서의 발행자 기준과 선하증권의 원산지신고서 인정 여부를 확인하여야 하며, 무역기업은 관세당국의 FTA 협정관세 배제 결정시 조세심판원의 조세심판청구제도를 적극적으로 활용하여 FTA 협정관세 혜택을 향유하여야 한다. 마지막으로 FTA 협정관세 적용과정에서 특정사안에 대해 무역기업과 관세당국 간에 FTA 협정과 관세특례법상 법적용 기준의 해석상 불일치에 대비하여야 한다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.93-100
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• 2016

Background: A set of logical criteria that can accurately identify and verify the cultivation region of raw materials is a critical tool for the scientific management of traditional herbal medicine. Methods and Results: Volatile compounds were obtained from 19 and 32 samples of Angelica gigas Nakai cultivated in Korea and China, respectively, by using steam distillation extraction. The metabolites were identified using GC/MS by querying against the NIST reference library. Data binning was performed to normalize the number of variables used in statistical analysis. Multivariate statistical analyses, such as Principal Component Analysis (PCA), Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA), and Orthogonal Partial Least Squares-Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) were performed using the SIMCA-P software. Significant variables with a Variable Importance in the Projection (VIP) score higher than 1.0 as obtained through OPLS-DA and those that resulted in p-values less than 0.05 through one-way ANOVA were selected to verify the marker compounds. Among the 19 variables extracted, styrene, ${\alpha}$-pinene, and ${\beta}$-terpinene were selected as markers to indicate the origin of A. gigas. Conclusions: The statistical model developed was suitable for determination of the geographical origin of A. gigas. The cultivation regions of six Korean and eight Chinese A. gigas. samples were predicted using the established OPLS-DA model and it was confirmed that 13 of the 14 samples were accurately classified.

• 분석과학
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2016

생약의 원산지를 판별하는 논리적인 일련의 기준을 개발한다면, 현재 유통되는 한약을 좀 더 과학적으로 관리 할 수 있을 것이다. 이러한 노력은 전통적인 한약 산업 발전에 기여할 것이라고 사료된다. 산수유의 원산지 판별법을 개발하기 위해, 본 연구에서는 우선 국산 산수유와 중국산 산수유를 각각 수증기 증류하고 이 때 얻은 휘발성분을 GC/MS를 이용하여 분석하였다. NIST mass spectral library의 데이터베이스로부터 정성분석한 결과를 바탕으로 데이터를 범주화(binning)하여 변수를 얻고, 이에 대하여 PCA, OPLS-DA 등 다변량 통계 분석을 수행함으로써 신속, 정확하게 국산 산수유와 중국산 산수유의 산지를 판별할 수 있는 산지 판별모델을 확립하였다. 산지 판별모델 개발을 위해서 학습집합(n=53)을 분석하여 산지 판별모델을 수립한 후, 검증집합(n=12)을 산지 판별모델에 적용함으로써 그 타당성을 확인하였다. 더불어 1-ethylbutyl-hydroperoxide, nonadecane, butylated hydroxytoluene, 5β,7βH,10α-Eudesm-11-en-1α-ol, 7,9-bis (2-methyl-2-propanyl)-1-oxaspiro[4.5]deca-6,9-diene-2,8-dione, 그리고 2-decyldodecyl-benzene 등 6개의 마커성분을 선정할 수 있었다. 최근에 NMR을 활용한 산수유 원산지 판별에 대한 보고는 있었으나, GC/MS를 기반으로 한 대사체학 연구기법을 이용하여 산지판별 모델을 제시하는 것은 최초의 보고로서 그 의미가 크다. 본 연구결과를 활용하여 한약의 원산지 판별모델 확립과 산수유 원산지의 과학적인 관리에 적용할 수 있으리라 사료된다.

• 동국한의학연구소논문집
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• 제5권
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• pp.281-306
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• 1996

A study on the effect of the Sun-Moon-Stars(日月星辰) in Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經") on the formation of the Yunqi theory(運氣理論) have revealed following conclusions. 1. There was a record of Stars(星辰) written by Gabgol-Character(甲骨文字) in the Yin(殷) Dynasty. But the very first documentary records of Stars(星辰) is Shu Jing("書經"). Ancient astronomy had the tendency of astrology of combined with theory of the Five Elements(五行) and finally effects the theory of formation of Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經"). 2. Shu Jing("書經") said that Junrak(錢樂) made an Armillary sphere(運天儀) in the Sung(宋) Dynasty. And in the Jin(秦) and the Han(漢) Dynasty, they already observed the stars. The Sunkiokhyung(璿機玉衡) which is machinery of star-observing, became to be called an Armillary sphere (運天儀) by the pass of times. 3. As of the theory of the Cosmos-structure(宇宙-構造論) in Ohanunhangdaeron("五運行大論"), Guiyugu(鬼兒區) announced the Hypothesis of Covering Heaven(蓋天說) but Kibak(岐伯) supported the Hypothesis of chaosheven's(蓋天說) and in the theory of atmosphere(大氣論) in Ohanunhangdaeron("五運行大論") said that the earth was in Great Empty(太虛) and it was floating in the universe by the Great Chi(大氣). 4. The knowledge about the Five stars(五星) in Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經") is presented in the section of Gemgwejineonron("金?眞言論"), Gigoupyondaeron("氣交變大論"), Youkwonjeonggidaeron("六元正紀大論").ln the method of identifying the Five stars(五星) presented the criteria of the brightness, the altitude, the colours and the orbit etc. 5. The jupiter which has twelve year's revolution cycle was the basis of determination on the Twelve constellation(12辰), the Twelve field of heaven(12次), the Twelve Houses in the ecliptic(黃道 12宮), the Twelve Earth's Branches(12支) and the Twelve fields of Earth(12分野) and also it became the origin of the duodecimals(12進法). 6. The saturn having about twenty-eight year's revolution cycle became the criterion in identifying the Twenty Eight Constellations(28宿) which was used as the coordinates of the Celestial sphere (天球). 7. By the Percussional movement(歲差運動), the position of polaris and the Vernal-Antumal equinox(春秋分点) were shifted. Therefore the ancient the Heaven Gate-Earth Door(天門-地戶) changed from the position of Sil-Byuk(室壁), Yik-Jin(翼軫). And the precisional movements brought about the concept of the WunHoyYunSe(元會運世) that is a method of dividing a period. Also the precisional movement gave three dimension(三次元) foundation interpreted the Sixty JiaZi (六十甲子) which is revolving through sixty years uniformally. 8. The Hypothesis of the Nine Houses and Eight Winds(九宮八風論) which is one field of the astrology of ancient polaris-nine Houses divination plate(太一九宮占盤) brought about the concept of deficiency and excess and the concept of the Wind Vice(風邪). In the Calendar System(曆法) presented in Huang Ti Nei Ching("黃帝內經") the tropical year of the Sun-Moon-Stars(日月星辰) and the revolution and the rotation of the earth give explanations the changes of Yin-Yang(陰陽) by the use of the ten Celestial branches(十干) and the twelve Earth branches(十二支).