• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2024

In this study, the influence of thermal aging on structural integrity is investigated for Gr. 91 steel. A commercial grade Gr. 91 steel is used for the virgin material, and service-exposed Gr. 91 steel is sampled from a steam pipe of a super critical plant. Time versus creep strain curves are obtained through creep tests with various stress levels at 600 ℃ for the virgin and service-exposed Gr. 91 steels, respectively. Based on the creep test results, the improved Omega model is characterized for describing the total creep strain curve for both Gr. 91 steels. The proposed parameters for creep deformation model are used for predicting the steady-state creep strain rate, creep rupture curve, and stress relaxation. Creep-fatigue damage is evaluated for the intermediate heat exchanger (IHX) in a large-scale sodium test facility of STELLA-2 by using creep deformation model with proposed creep parameters and creep rupture curve for both Gr. 91 steels. Based on the comparison results of creep fatigue damage for the virgin and service-exposed Gr. 91 steels, the thermal aging effect has been shown to be significant.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.25-37
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• 2018

미고결 암석에 대한 Creep 특성을 분석하고자 Burger 모델을 이용하였다. Burger 모델은 자료쌍 D(u,t)으로부터 4개의 역학적 매개변수를 결정 하여야 한다. 본 연구에서는 수학적 개념 해를 적용하여 매개변수를 결정 하였다. 미고결 암석에 대한 Burger 모델의 결정된 매개변수를 이용하여 Creep을 3년간 가속시켰다. 그 결과 Creep 거동은 수렴이 되지 않고 지속적인 변형거동을 보였다. 따라서 본 광산에서는 Roofbolt 보다 U-Beam 적용이 안정성 측면에서 더 적합 할 것으로 분석 되었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.141-149
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• 2018

In this paper, the creep behavior of bolted rock was analyzed by using the unconfined creep tests and the numerical results. Based on the test results, the Bolted Burgers creep model (B-B model) was proposed to clarify the creep mechanism of rock mass due to rock bolts. As to the simulation of the creep behaviour of bolted rock, a new user-defined incremental iterative format of the B-B model was established and the open-source $FLAC^{3D}$ code was written by using the object-oriented language (C++). To check the reliability of the present B-B creep constitutive model program, a numerical model of a tunnel with buried depth of 1000 m was established to analyze the creep response of the tunnel with the B-B model support, the non-support and the bolt element support. The simulation results show that the present B-B model is consistent with the calculated results of the inherent bolt element in $FLAC^{3D}$, and the convergence deformation can be more effectively controlled when the proposed B-B model is used in the $FLAC^{3D}$ software. The big advantage of the present B-B creep model secondarily developed in the $FLAC^{3D}$ software is the high computational efficiency.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제7권5호
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• pp.355-376
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to predict and investigate the time-dependent creep behavior of composite materials. For this, firstly the evaluation method for the modulus of elasticity of whole fiber and matrix is presented from the limited information on fiber volume fraction using the singular value decomposition method. Then, the effects of fiber volume fraction on modulus of elasticity of GFRP are verified. Also, as a creep model, the nonlinear curve fitting method based on the Marquardt algorithm is proposed. Using the existing Findley's power creep model and the proposed creep model, the effect of fiber volume fraction on the nonlinear creep behavior of composite materials is verified. Then, for the time-dependent analysis of a composite material subjected to uniaxial tension and simple shear loadings, a user-provided subroutine UMAT is developed to run within ABAQUS. Finally, the creep behavior of center loaded beam structure is investigated using the Hermitian beam elements with shear deformation effect and with time-dependent elastic and shear moduli.

• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.39-51
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 포항이암을 대상으로 다양한 경계조건에서의 creep 시험을 수행하여 이암의 시간의존적 특성을 분석하였으며, 이를 바탕으로 기존에 발표된 creep에 대한 점탄성 모델 및 경험식들과 비교 분석함으로써 더 합리적으로 creep 특성을 평가할 수 있는 방법을 제안하고자 한다. Creep 시험결과를 Griggs(1936), Cottrell(1952) 및 Singh(1975)이 제안한 경험식에 대하여 분석한 결과, 전반적으로 응력수준 및 함수비가 증가할수록 creep 상수가 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 또한, Singh의 경험식에 의한 예측치는 실측치와 매우 높은 상관성을 보이고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었으며, 이로부터 이암의 크리프 거동을 해석함에 있어 Singh의 경험식을 적용함이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다. 유동학적 모델인 Burger 모델에 의한 예측치와 실측치를 비교한 결과, 매우 좋은 일치를 보이고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 이로부터 이암의 크리프 거동을 해석함에 있어 Maxwell 요소와 Kelvin 요소를 직렬로 연결한 Burger 모델을 적용하는 것이 바람직할 것으로 판단된다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.517-525
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• 2020

The long-term stability of rock engineering is significantly affected by the time-dependent deformation behavior of rock, which is an important mechanical property of rock for engineering design. Although the hard rocks show small creep deformation, it cannot be ignored under high-stress condition during deep excavation. The inner mechanism of creep is complicated, therefore, it is necessary to investigate the relationship between microscopic creep mechanism and the macro creep behavior of rock. Microscopic numerical modeling of sandstone creep was performed in the investigation. A numerical sandstone sample was generated and Parallel Bond contact and Burger's contact model were assigned to the contacts between particles in DEM simulation. Sensitivity analysis of the microscopic creep parameters was conducted to explore how microscopic parameters affect the macroscopic creep deformation. The results show that the microscopic creep parameters have linear correlations with the corresponding macroscopic creep parameters, whereas the friction coefficient shows power function with peak strength and Young's modulus, respectively. Moreover, the microscopic parameters were calibrated. The creep modeling curve is in good agreement with the verification test result. Finally, the creep curves under one-step loading and multi-step loading were compared. This investigation can act as a helpful reference for modeling rock creep behavior from a microscopic mechanism perspective.

• 국제강구조저널
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• 제18권5호
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• pp.1497-1507
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• 2018

Most of previous studies on fire resistance of restrained steel beams neglected creep effect due to lack of suitable creep model. This paper presents a finite element model (FEM) for accessing the fire resistance of restrained high strength Q460 steel beams by taking high temperature Norton creep model of steel into consideration. The validation of the established model is verified by comparing the axial force and deflection of restrained beams obtained by finite element analysis with test results. In order to explore the creep effect on fire response of restrained Q460 steel beams, the thermal axial force and deflection of the beams are also analyzed excluding creep effect. Results from comparison infer that creep plays a crucial role in fire response of restrained steel beam and neglecting the effect of creep may lead to unsafe design. A set of parametric studies are accomplished by using the calibrated FEM to evaluate the governed factors influencing fire response of restrained Q460 steel beams. The parametric studies indicate that load level, rotational restraint stiffness, span-depth ratio, heating rate and temperature distribution pattern are key factors in determining fire resistance of restrained Q460 steel beam. A simplified design approach to determine the moment capacity of restrained Q460 steel beams is proposed based on the parametric studies by considering creep effect.

• 농업과학연구
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.233-241
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• 1996

The mechanical properties of biological materials depend on numerous factors. The majority of these relationships are still unknown today, especially with regard to their quantitative characteristics. The reason is that biological materials constitute biomechanical systems of very complex construction, whose behavior cannot be characterized by simple physical constants, as for example can that of engineering materials. The objectives of this investigation were to determine the compression creep and recovery properties of rice stalks at various levels of applied load The compression creep and recovery behavior of the rice stalk could be predicted precisely by rheological model which approached closely to the measured values. But the coefficients of the Burgers recovery model were different from those of the creep model. The Steady state creep behavior occurred at the higher level of force and the logarithmic creep behavior occurred at the lower level of force. The mechanical model being expected the creep behavior in relation with the level of applied load, which was well explained that the rice stalk might be visco-elastic material.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제26권1A호
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• pp.45-54
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• 2006

콘크리트 구조물의 실제적인 응력과 변형률의 관계를 알기 위해서는 크리프와 수축에 관한 구성방정식을 정량화하는 것이 필요하다. 본 연구는 콘크리트의 시간의존적인 변형 중에서 크리프 변형에 관한 현상학적인 문제를 수학적으로 전개하고 유변학적 접근방법을 사용하여 크리프에 관한 예측모델을 구성한다. 고전적인 4-매개변수 모델에 기초하여 각각의 변형성분을 조합하고, 적절한 크리프 변형을 얻어내기 위한 4개의 매개변수들을 재령영향과 겔 입자간의 연결을 제거하려는 미세프리스트레스의 영향을 고려하여 비선형 함수로 구성된 매개변수들을 전개하며 회복이 불가능한 점성변형에 대하여 습윤평형상태와 건조상태에서 모두 예측할 수 있는 유효점성계수를 유도한다. 본 연구에서 제안한 예측모델은 실험결과와 상관계수 99%이상의 우수한 결과를 제공하고 있다.

• 터널과지하공간
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.390-398
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• 2010

암석의 시간의존성 거동은 지하 광산 설계나 지하 암반구조물의 장기 안정성 평가를 위한 기본 입력자료로써 사용되는 매우 중요한 특성이다. 본 연구에서는 가곡광산에서 채취한 화강암 시험편에 대해 일축압축 크리프시험을 실시하였다. 측정된 크리프 변형률을 모사하기 위하여 Burgers 모형, Griggs 크리프법칙, Singh 크리프법칙을 사용하였으며 이중에서 Griggs 크리프법칙이 가곡광산 화강암의 실제 크리프 변형 거동을 가장 우수하게 모사하는 것으로 나타났다.