• Title/Summary/Keyword: Credit Market

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A Study on the Influence of Securities on Corporate Financing Behavior in Financial Markets (금융시장에서 담보가 기업의 자금조달선택에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Park, seok gang
    • International Area Studies Review
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.201-219
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    • 2018
  • This paper suggested a theoretical model, in which a security-based(secured loan, non-secured loan) credit agreement determines the form of corporate cost function through a loaning company's cost minimization in the light of a company which behaves monopolistically in product markets. Also, this paper analyzed the influence of a corporate credit agreement on market equilibrium, and economic welfare in product markets. As a result, it was found that in case a company, whose equity capital is small, implements borrowing based on a secured loan from a financial institution, the company comes to face borrowing restraints, in which the company has no choice but to get a loan within the scope of securities. When a company offers its capital goods, i.e. a production factor, as a security, there occurs a distortion to the production factor input ratio. Meanwhile, when a company comes to get a loan based on an unsecured loan, for which the interest rate is high, marginal cost rises; accordingly, the company comes to choose a credit agreement aiming at maximizing its profits. However, a company's choice of a credit agreement is not quite desirable from a consumer's viewpoint, and from the whole economic point of view; overall, such a choice is likely to aggravate economic welfare.

Effectiveness of export credit insurance in export performance of SMEs (수출신용보험이 중소기업의 수출 실적에 미치는 영향에 관한 연구)

  • Xiaoyi Chen;Xinchen Wang;Po-Lin Lai;Thi Kim Cuc Nguyen
    • Korea Trade Review
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    • v.46 no.6
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    • pp.73-92
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    • 2021
  • Small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) account for a large proportion of the total number of enterprises in many countries. The development of SMEs has contributed to job creation and economic benefits. Every government has formulated active diversification strategies to promote the export market of SMEs, but the performance of export capabilities remains insufficient. The primary purpose of this study is to examine the effectiveness of export credit insurance in promoting SME export performance in Canada. Using data from 2008-2017, the augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) model to test the stationarity of the concerned variables and the error correction model (ECM) and autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) cointegration test to empirically investigate the cointegration relationship between the research targets. The results represent the positive and critical impact of export relative price and domestic demand pressure on Canada's export performance, and the negative impact of the export volume index at a significant level. Regrettably, the impact of export credit insurance on the export performance of Canadian SMEs is considered exaggerated overall. In view of this result, it is necessary for the Canadian government to enact policies based on the current market status. And enhance confidence among SMEs to begin exports and diversify their markets rather than focusing only on the domestic or US market, especially given the impact of COVID-19. From the case of Canada, Korean government can attempt to learn from them to conduct more efficient strategies for SMEs.

Credit Card Interest Rate with Imperfect Information (불완전 정보와 신용카드 이자율)

  • Song, Soo-Young
    • The Korean Journal of Financial Management
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.213-226
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    • 2005
  • Adverse selection is a heavily scrutinized subject within the financial intermediary industry. Consensus is reached regarding its effect on the loan interest rate. Despite the similar features of financial service offered by the credit card, we still have controversy regarding credit card interest rate on how is adverse selection incurred with the change of interest rate. Thus, this paper explores how does the adverse selection, if ever, take place and affect the credit card interest rate. Information asymmetry regarding the credit card users' type represented by the default probability is assumed. The users are assumed to be rational in that they want to minimize the per unit dollar expense associated with the commercial transaction and financing between the two typical payment methods, cash and credit card. Suppliers, i.e. credit card companies, would like to maximize their profit and would be better off with more pervasive use of credit cards over the cash. Then we could show that the increasing credit card interest rate is subject to the adverse selection, sharing the same tenet with that of the bank loan interest rate proposed by Stiglitz and Weiss. Hence the current theory predicts that credit card market also suffers from adverse selection with increasing interest rate.

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A Study on the Effective Combining Technology and Credit Appraisal Information in the Innovation Financing Market (기술금융시장에서의 신뢰성있는 기술평가 정보와 신용평가 정보의 최적화 결합에 관한 연구)

  • Lee, Jae-Sik;Kim, Jae-jin
    • Journal of Digital Convergence
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    • v.15 no.1
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    • pp.199-208
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    • 2017
  • This study investigates the components and rating system of reliable technology credit information for a technology finance donor who is a consumer of the information and aims to create an effective and optimal technology credit appraisal system to enlarge technology finance supply. Firstly, we calculate the optimal TCAR which becomes the maximum AUROC through the combination of ratio change, verify the substitution possibility between TAR and CR through the existing CR and system gap simulation, and propose a rating system by which financial institutes can utilize the TCAR as a credit rating. As a result, 70% : 30% is the most suitable as the weighted combination ratio of credit rating : technology rating. As a result of this study, we confirmed the possibility that the technical credit rating information could be substituted by the credit rating or the technology appraisal rating. Furthermore, it also suggests that sophisticated risk management is possible through using technology credit rating that are combined with credit and technology appraisal rating.

Corporate Bond Rating Using Various Multiclass Support Vector Machines (다양한 다분류 SVM을 적용한 기업채권평가)

  • Ahn, Hyun-Chul;Kim, Kyoung-Jae
    • Asia pacific journal of information systems
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    • v.19 no.2
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    • pp.157-178
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    • 2009
  • Corporate credit rating is a very important factor in the market for corporate debt. Information concerning corporate operations is often disseminated to market participants through the changes in credit ratings that are published by professional rating agencies, such as Standard and Poor's (S&P) and Moody's Investor Service. Since these agencies generally require a large fee for the service, and the periodically provided ratings sometimes do not reflect the default risk of the company at the time, it may be advantageous for bond-market participants to be able to classify credit ratings before the agencies actually publish them. As a result, it is very important for companies (especially, financial companies) to develop a proper model of credit rating. From a technical perspective, the credit rating constitutes a typical, multiclass, classification problem because rating agencies generally have ten or more categories of ratings. For example, S&P's ratings range from AAA for the highest-quality bonds to D for the lowest-quality bonds. The professional rating agencies emphasize the importance of analysts' subjective judgments in the determination of credit ratings. However, in practice, a mathematical model that uses the financial variables of companies plays an important role in determining credit ratings, since it is convenient to apply and cost efficient. These financial variables include the ratios that represent a company's leverage status, liquidity status, and profitability status. Several statistical and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques have been applied as tools for predicting credit ratings. Among them, artificial neural networks are most prevalent in the area of finance because of their broad applicability to many business problems and their preeminent ability to adapt. However, artificial neural networks also have many defects, including the difficulty in determining the values of the control parameters and the number of processing elements in the layer as well as the risk of over-fitting. Of late, because of their robustness and high accuracy, support vector machines (SVMs) have become popular as a solution for problems with generating accurate prediction. An SVM's solution may be globally optimal because SVMs seek to minimize structural risk. On the other hand, artificial neural network models may tend to find locally optimal solutions because they seek to minimize empirical risk. In addition, no parameters need to be tuned in SVMs, barring the upper bound for non-separable cases in linear SVMs. Since SVMs were originally devised for binary classification, however they are not intrinsically geared for multiclass classifications as in credit ratings. Thus, researchers have tried to extend the original SVM to multiclass classification. Hitherto, a variety of techniques to extend standard SVMs to multiclass SVMs (MSVMs) has been proposed in the literature Only a few types of MSVM are, however, tested using prior studies that apply MSVMs to credit ratings studies. In this study, we examined six different techniques of MSVMs: (1) One-Against-One, (2) One-Against-AIL (3) DAGSVM, (4) ECOC, (5) Method of Weston and Watkins, and (6) Method of Crammer and Singer. In addition, we examined the prediction accuracy of some modified version of conventional MSVM techniques. To find the most appropriate technique of MSVMs for corporate bond rating, we applied all the techniques of MSVMs to a real-world case of credit rating in Korea. The best application is in corporate bond rating, which is the most frequently studied area of credit rating for specific debt issues or other financial obligations. For our study the research data were collected from National Information and Credit Evaluation, Inc., a major bond-rating company in Korea. The data set is comprised of the bond-ratings for the year 2002 and various financial variables for 1,295 companies from the manufacturing industry in Korea. We compared the results of these techniques with one another, and with those of traditional methods for credit ratings, such as multiple discriminant analysis (MDA), multinomial logistic regression (MLOGIT), and artificial neural networks (ANNs). As a result, we found that DAGSVM with an ordered list was the best approach for the prediction of bond rating. In addition, we found that the modified version of ECOC approach can yield higher prediction accuracy for the cases showing clear patterns.

Consumer Problem Perceived by Urban Low-Income Consumers and the Related Factors (도시 저소득층의 소비자문제지각과 관련요인 연구)

  • 김성숙;이기춘
    • Journal of Families and Better Life
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.31-43
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    • 1989
  • The purposes of this study were to identify the overall levels of consumer problem, consumer competencies and purchase pattern of urban low-income consumers and to examine the factors affecting the consumer problem and the subareas-market environment problem(MEP) and transaction relation problem(TRP). The related factors, that is, independent variables were competencies-related factors(consumption-oriented attitude, attitude on consumerism, consumer knowledge), purchase pattern-related factors (search pattern, credit pattern, peddler pattern) and socio-demorgraphic factors(age, educational level, family size). For this purpose, a survey was conducted by interview using questionaires on 198 homemakers that lived in the poor areas of Seoul. Statistics used for data analysis were Frequency Distribution, Percentile, Mean, Pearson's Correlation, One-way ANOVA, Scheffe-test, Breakdown and Multiple Classification Analysis. Major findings were as follows: 1) In the level of consum r problem were in the middle level and the level of MEP were higher than that of TRP. The attitude on consumption-orientation was so negative, while attitude on consumerism was positive. The level of consumer knowledge was in the middle level. The urban low-income consumers searched a little and depended on credit and peddler in the low level. 2) Consumer problem perceived by urban low-income consumers differed significantly according to attitude on consumerism, credit pattern, monthly charge of peddler purchase. The MEP depended on attitude on consumerism and monthly charge of peddler purchase, and the TRP was affected by credit pattern and attitude on consumerism. Resulting from MCA, the most influencial variable was attitude on consumerism and credit pattern in the consumer problem, and attitude on consumerism in the MEP, and credit pattenr in the TRP.

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Bank Capital and Lending Behavior of Vietnamese Commercial Banks

  • DANG, Van Dan;LE, Thi Tuyet Hoa;LE, Dinh Hac;NGUYEN, Hoang Dieu Hien
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.8 no.2
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    • pp.373-385
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    • 2021
  • The objective of the study is to empirically investigate the impact of bank capital on the lending behavior of Vietnamese commercial banks from 2007 to 2019. Lending behavior is captured by two dimensions, including the quantity (loan growth) and quality (credit risk) of loans. Instead of investigating loan growth and credit risk separately, we combine these two aspects in our study and further develop the interaction term between capital buffers and credit risk to capture the asymmetric impact. We apply the dynamic model (regressed by the generalized method of moments) and the static models (regressed using the fixed effects, random effects, and the pooled regression approach) to perform regressions. The results show that banks with higher capital ratios tend to expand lending more, while the risk of credit portfolios is controlled at lower levels at these banks. Further analysis reveals that credit risk mitigates some aspects of the relationship between bank capital and loan expansion. The patterns remain robust across alternative measures and econometric techniques. The study provides insightful policy implications for bank managers and regulators in the process of upgrading capital resources to ensure the safety and soundness of the banking industry in an emerging country.

Credit Impact on Firm Profitability in Iraqi, Jordanian, and Kuwaiti Stock Markets

  • MAHDI, Dalal Salih;AL-NAIMI, Adnan Tayeh
    • The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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    • v.8 no.3
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    • pp.469-477
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    • 2021
  • In this paper, the relationship between the profitability level of an enterprise and the credit policy adopted by an enterprise was measured. A sample of industrial firms listed on the stock exchanges of Iraq, Jordan, and Kuwait was analyzed. Five industrial firms were randomly selected from each exchange with a condition of having at least 5 year-activity. The total sample size was 15 industrial firms. The study financial data was imported from the sample firms' websites. The financial data was for the financial year 2017. The Regression Analysis was adopted to measure the impact of trade credit on the profitability of an enterprise using the SPSS software. It was found that the receivable accounts have a proportional relationship with the turnover property rights rate. Similarly, the statistical results showed that the turnover property rights rate increased with an increase in the turnover receivable accounts rate and the percentage of investment in receivable accounts. The influence of trade credit on the enterprise profitability percentage in the Iraq stock exchange, Amman stock exchange, and Boursa Kuwait were 0.938, 0.200, and 0.089, respectively. The results showed that the three secondary assumptions were incorrect, while the zeroth assumption, i.e., trade credit has no influence on profitability, was correct.

DEFAULTABLE BOND PRICING USING REGIME SWITCHING INTENSITY MODEL

  • Goutte, Stephane;Ngoupeyou, Armand
    • Journal of applied mathematics & informatics
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    • v.31 no.5_6
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    • pp.711-732
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    • 2013
  • In this paper, we are interested in finding explicit numerical formulas to evaluate defaultable bonds prices of firms. For this purpose, we use a default intensity whose values depend on the credit rating of these firms. Each credit rating corresponds to a state of the default intensity. Then, this regime switches as soon as one of the credit rating of a firm also changes. Moreover, this regime switching default intensity model allows us to capture well some market features or economics behaviors. Thus, we obtain two explicit different formulas to evaluate the conditional Laplace transform of a regime switching Cox Ingersoll Ross model. One using the property of semi-affine of the model and the other one using analytic approximation. We conclude by giving some numerical illustrations of these formulas and real data estimation results.

Study on the Comparison and Analysis of Data Mining Models for the Efficient Customer Credit Evaluation (효율적인 신용평가를 위한 데이터마이닝 모형의 비교.분석에 관한 연구)

  • 김갑식
    • Journal of Information Technology Applications and Management
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    • v.11 no.1
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    • pp.161-174
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    • 2004
  • This study is intended to suggest1 the optimized data mining model for the efficient customer credit evaluation in the capital finance industry. To accomplish the research objective, various data mining models for the customer credit evaluation are compared and analyzed. Furthermore, existing models such as Multi-Layered Perceptrons, Multivariate Discrimination Analysis, Radial Basis Function, Decision Tree, and Logistic Regression are employed for analyzing the customer information in the capital finance market and the detailed data of capital financing transactions. Finally, the data from the integrated model utilizing a genetic algorithm is compared with those of each individual model mentioned above. The results reveals that the integrated model is superior to other existing models.

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