• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.229-239
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• 1992

This study was performed to define the adaptation patterns of each skeletal components to the flexures of cranial bases, using 91 males from the ages of 17 to 36 and 64 females from the ages of 16 to 34, without orthodontic or prosthetic treatment experiences and with pleasant profiles as subjects. The conclusions are as follow: 1. When considering the changes of flexure of cranial base (Ba-SE-FMN) in both sexes, changes in the anterior cranial base angle to the PM Vertical line (SE-FMN/PMV) were greater than the changes in the posterior cranial base angle to the PM Vertical line (Ba-SE/PMV). Subsequently the nasomaxillary complex showed antero-superior rotating effect as the cranial base angles were increased and postero-inferior rotating effect as they were decreased. 2. Horizontal mandibular angle (Ba-SE-Me) was increased in both sexes as cranial base angle increases (Ba-SE-FMN) and it decreased as the latter was decreases. There by indicating compensatory effects. 3. Maxillary angle (SE-FMN-A) was decreased in both sexes as cranial base angle (Ba-SE-FMN) increases and it increased as the latter was decreased. There by indicating compensatory effects. 4. Mandibular ramus angle to posterior cranial base was decreased in both sexes as cranial base angle increases. There by indicating compensatory effect to anteriorly displaced maxilla and the mandibular ramus angle was increased as the cranial base angle decreases. There by indicating compensatory effect to posteriorly displace maxilla. 5. The length of posterior upper facial height was decreased in both sexes as the cranial base angle increases and it increased as the latter was decreased.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.23 no.4 s.43
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• pp.529-541
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to investigate not only the variability in the timing and amount of the maximum pubertal spurt in cranial base and mandible, but also its interrelationship with the timing of peak height velocity. This study was carried out by analysing biannual serial lateral cephalometric radiographs of twenty-six males and twenty-one females who were taken from 8.5years to 16.5years old of mean age, according to the established land-marks and linear measurements. The results of this study were summarized as follows. 1. Prevalance of the maximum growth spurt more than 80 percentage was occurred in all measurements of cranial base and mandible, except posterior cranial base length in the female. 2. In all measurements of cranial base and mandible, the maximum spurt was occurred earlier in the female than the male while it was greater in male in all measurements except ramal height. 3. In body height measurement, the peak height velocity was occurred 2 years earlier for the female(11.0 years old) than the male(13.0 years old). 4. The timing of maximum spurt in anterior cranial base length and total mandibular length in both sexes and ramal height in the female were coincided with PHV. The maximum spurt was occurred in both sexes in all measurements 2 years before or after PHV, except mandibular body length and posterior cranial base length the in female. 5. In all ages, there was significant correlation between the total mandibular length and ramal height, and was also correlation between total cranial base length and anterior cranial base length(P<0.05). However, there was no significant correlation between the ramal height and mandibular body length. In addition, there was also no any correlation between the anterior cranial base length and posterior cranial base length in all ages(P>0.05).

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.204-210
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• 2007

This study was intended to compare the cranial base morphology between the mandibular prognathism and maxillary retrognathism in skeletal class III patients. The subject of the present study was composed of 88 patients divided into two groups; Group 1 (Skeletal Class III with mandibular prognathism. SNA within normal range, SNB over normal range, n=54) and Group 2(Skeletal Class III with maxillary retrognathism. SNA below normal range, SNB within normal range, n=34). Lateral cephalogram were taken immediate before surgery and 18 landmarks were used to analyze the characteristics of cranial base and maxillomandibular skeleton. The result revealed that cranial base angle is significantly smaller in Group 1 than Group 2, which implies the influence of the cranial base angulation on the mandibular position. However the posterior cranial base length did not influence the mandibular horizontal position and anterior cranial base length did not influence the maxillary horizontal position. As the anterior cranial base length was closely related with ramal height, it is recommendable to investigate the regulatory mechanism of chondrogenesis of cranial base and condyle cartilage in the future research.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.344-349
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• 2014

Background An abnormally obtuse cranial base angle, also known as platybasia, is a common finding in patients with 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11DS). Platybasia increases the depth of the velopharynx and is therefore postulated to contribute to velopharyngeal dysfunction. Our objective was to determine the clinical significance of platybasia in 22q11DS by exploring the relationship between cranial base angles and speech resonance. Methods In this retrospective chart review at a tertiary hospital, 24 children (age, 4.0-13.1 years) with 22q11.2DS underwent speech assessments and lateral cephalograms, which allowed for the measurement of the cranial base angles. Results One patient (4%) had hyponasal resonance, 8 (33%) had normal resonance, 10 (42%) had hypernasal resonance on vowels only, and 5 (21%) had hypernasal resonance on both vowels and consonants. The mean cranial base angle was $136.5^{\circ}$ (standard deviation, $5.3^{\circ}$; range, $122.3-144.8^{\circ}$). The Kruskal-Wallis test showed no significant relationship between the resonance ratings and cranial base angles (P=0.242). Cranial base angles and speech ratings were not correlated (Spearman correlation=0.321, P=0.126). The group with hypernasal resonance had a significantly more obtuse mean cranial base angle ($138^{\circ}$ vs. $134^{\circ}$, P=0.049) but did not have a greater prevalence of platybasia (73% vs. 56%, P=0.412). Conclusions In this retrospective chart review of patients with 22q11DS, cranial base angles were not correlated with speech resonance. The clinical significance of platybasia remains unknown.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.299-307
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• 2011

This study was performed to report the effectiveness of upper cervical chuna and release of cranial base on patients with dry eye syndrome. The patients diagnosed as dry eye syndrome and treated with upper cervical chuna and release of cranial base. Outcomes were measured by ocular surface disease index(OSDI). After treatments, discomfort and ocular surface disease index decreased. These results suggest that upper cervical chuna and release of cranial base were effective on patients with dry eye syndrome.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.345-351
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• 2012

Background Cranial base defects are challenging to reconstruct without serious complications. Although free tissue transfer has been used widely and efficiently, it still has the limitation of requiring a long operation time along with the burden of microanastomosis and donor site morbidity. We propose using a reverse temporalis muscle flap and calvarial bone graft as an alternative option to a free flap for anterior cranial base reconstruction. Methods Between April 2009 and February 2012, cranial base reconstructions using an autologous calvarial split bone graft combined with a reverse temporalis muscle flap were performed in five patients. Medical records were retrospectively analyzed and postoperative computed tomography scans, magnetic resonance imaging, and angiography findings were examined to evaluate graft survival and flap viability. Results The mean follow-up period was 11.8 months and the mean operation time for reconstruction was $8.4{\pm}3.36$ hours. The defects involved the anterior cranial base, including the orbital roof and the frontal and ethmoidal sinus. All reconstructions were successful. Viable flap vascularity and bone survival were observed. There were no serious complications except for acceptable donor site depressions, which were easily corrected with minor procedures. Conclusions The reverse temporalis muscle flap could provide sufficient bulkiness to fill dead space and sufficient vascularity to endure infection. The calvarial bone graft provides a rigid framework, which is critical for maintaining the cranial base structure. Combined anterior cranial base reconstruction with a reverse temporalis muscle flap and calvarial bone graft could be a viable alternative to free tissue transfer.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.483-489
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• 2011

Purpose: Craniofacial structure form results from the adaptation to morphologic and functional changes in their neighboring structures for a mutual balance. The purpose of this study is classification of maxillomandibular complex growth pattern follow by cranial base growth pattern. And this study is identifying the correlation between maxilla-mandibular complex growth pattern and orthodontic criteria. Methods: 142 Class III malocclusion patients had orthognathic surgery at Wonkwang University Dental Hospital during April 2004 to October 2010. Patients were divided into 4 groups and the correlation between cranial base and maxillomandibular growth patterns were evaluated. Results: There was a correlation between cranial base and maxillomandibular growth patterns. Positive relationships were found between the occlusal plane, Incisor mandibular plane angle, mandibular plane, positioning of pogonion and the saddle angle, indicating maxillary growth patterns. Negative relationships were found between SNA, SNB, maxillary incisor angle and saddle angle. Positive relationships were found between the ratio of the anterior and posterior cranium, positioning of pogonion and the percentage of cranial depth indicating mandibular growth patterns. Negative relationships were found between the occlusal plane, maxillary incisor angle, mandibular plane, mandibular angle and cranial depth. Conclusion: Cranial base and maxillofacial growth patterns were correlated and the classification should be adjusted before orthognathic surgery.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-14
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• 1983

Serial cephalometric roentgenorgams of 40 Korean children (25 males, 15 females) were employed to study the growth changes of the cranial bases. As a result of this study, the following conclusions can be made: 1. The mean size of the cranial bases in males was larger than the females, especially at the age of 13. 2. In both sexes, growth of the cranial bases was seen from 6 to 13 years of age and the growth of the posterior cranial base (S-Ba) was larger than the anterior cranial base (S-N). 3, Variation in the changes of the saddle angle (Ba-S-N) was exhibited with males showing a marked tendency toward a decrease in saddle angle size.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.24-30
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• 2002

The facial patterns were expressed by the interrelation of variable factors such as heredity, function and environment. Such variable factors have an effect on the growth and development of maxillofacial bones. The malocclusions with skeletal discrepancies are caused by abnormal forms, sizes and positions of cranial base, maxilla and mandible. For the proper diagnosis and treatment planning, the analysis of such structures is necessary. Lateral cephalograms of 54 adults with class III malocclusion patients (test group) and 61 adults with normal occlusion (control group) were analyzed. Anteroposterior relations and sizes of cranial base, maxilla, mandible were estimated to compare with those of normal ones. In test group, the anterior cranial base length was within normal range, but posterior cranial base, maxilla and mandibular body were longer than those in control group, significantly. Based on the cranial base, the location of maxilla in test group was normal, but the location of mandible was more anterior than that in control. Based on the maxilla, the location of mandible was more anterior in test group than that in control. Both mandibular body and ramus anteroposterior lengths in test group were larger than those in control. Both mandibular plane angle and upper gonial angle were within normal range, but lower gonial angle was significantly high in test group.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.29 no.1 s.72
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• pp.23-35
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• 1999

Lateral cephalograms or 251 males md 286 females were taken and pubertal growth pattern or cranial base, maxillary and mandible of 7 to 17 years old Korean children was evaluated. 10 landmarks and 16 analytical measurements were evaluated. Analytical measurement and annual difference for each age group was calculated and tested for statistical significance. Analytical measurements were classified into three groups which were cranial base, maxillary and mandibular measurements and also classified into make and female measurements. Following results were achieved. 1. The circumpuberal growth spurt was earlier in Korean females than in males. 2. Cranial base, maxilla and mandible showed circumpuberal growth. The cranial base showed a relatively smaller amount of growth than the facial complex. 3. Middle and posterior cranial base length showed a floater increase than anterior cranial base length and circumpuberal growth spurt was also more definite. 4. the forward and downward growth or maxilla results from maxillary growht itself and transposition or the maxilla due to circumsutural growth aroud the maxilla. Ar-ANS and Ar-Pr which represent maxillary position relative to the cranial base showed more growth than ANS-PNS which represents maxillary bone growth. 5. mandible showed more vertical growth than horizontal growth but without significance. 6. Alveolar gwoth of maxilla and mandible show maximum growth rate of the time of permanent teeth eruption following loss of deciduous teeth . After this period alveolar growth shows a decreasing tendency.