• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.947-953
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• 2004

The present research was designed to evaluate the effects of pre and post-partum energy level and feeding pattern on the performance of crossbred dairy cows and their calves under farm conditions. A total of 16 crossbred dairy cows were divided into two equal groups on the basis of their body weight and milk production. One group was given 30% less and the another was given 30% more energy than MAFF's (1984) recommendation. After calving all cows were given same ad.libitum diet to assess the effects of feeding during pregnancy on their performance. It was observed that just before calving cows on low energy group gained less (p<0.05) weight than that of the cows on high energy group (12.9$\pm$11.71 vs. 42.25$\pm$12.74 kg/cow. Birth weight of calves of low energy group was lower (p<0.05) than that of the calves of high energy group (17.87$\pm$1.78 vs. 20.73$\pm$2.24 kg/calf). Cows that were on low pre-calving dietary energy level produced less milk during lactation than the cows of high energy pre-calving group (3.45$\pm$0.75 vs. 4.27$\pm$0.79 lit./cow). No significant difference was noticed on calf growth rate and reproductive parameters of cow. Energy level that was 30 % less than MAFF's (1984) recommendation was found to be very low and not suitable for our crossbred cows during their last three months of pregnancy.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.184-187
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• 2002

This study was designed to examine the response of feeding early weaning diets without and with amino acids supplemented cottonseed meal on growth performance and digestibility of early weaned cow calves. Fifteen 14-21 days old cross bred cow calves were randomly allotted to three experimental diets. Diet A comprised of milk replacer and concentrate feed whereas two isocaloric and iso-nitrogenous early weaning diets viz., B and C were prepared without and with lysine and methionine supplemented cottonseed meal, respectively. These early weaning diets were used as substitute of milk replacer for calves. Calves were placed in individual cages and fed twice daily for a period of 60 days. Daily feed intake, feed refused and weekly weight gain was recorded. Two digestibility trials I and II were performed at 5th and 9th week of the experiment, respectively. During the digestibility trial I, calves were fed on ad libitum basis whereas in trial II, calves were fed at 90% of their voluntary DMI. Feed, orts and feces samples were collected, weighed daily, composited, subsampled and analysed for DM and CP. Results indicated that weight gain of calves was (p<0.05) higher on diets A (0.63 kg/d/calf) and C (0.64 kg/d/calf) compared to calves on diet B (0.57 kg/d/calf). Significantly (p<0.05) less daily DMI was observed on diet A (1.48 kg) compared to early weaning diets B (1.70 kg) and C (1.72 kg). The feed efficiency was (p<0.05) better on diet A (2.33) compared to diets B (2.95) and C (2.65). The economic efficiency was noticed to be better on diets B and C compared to diet A. In trial I, digestibility of DM and CP of diet A was (p<0.05) higher than diets B and C. Whereas in trial II, digestibility of DM and CP of diet A was (p<0.05) less than diets B and C. It was concluded that early weaning diet based on lysine and methionine supplemented cottonseed meal produced better weight gain and feed efficiency compared to non-supplemented cottonseed meal based diet.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국식품위생안전성학회 2001년도 The Asia-Pacific Conference on Reproductive Biology and Environmental Sciences
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• pp.267-269
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• 2001

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2018

Infant formula is classified into standard cow's milk-based and special formulas. This review aimed at summarizing the types of special milk formulas currently sold in Korea, and the appropriate indications for the use of these formulas; lactose free formula, soy-based formula, protein hydrolysate formula, amino acid-based formula, preterm formula, medium chain triglyceride formula, low-phosphorus formula, protein-energy-enriched formula, and formulas for inborn errors of metabolism.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권10호
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• pp.1409-1418
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• 2001

Two trials were carried out during two different grazing seasons to evaluate effect of grass silage supplementation, when amount of pasture is limited on dry matter intake (DMI), milk production, and gross energetic efficiency (GEE) of grazed lactating cows on a high forage-based diet. Fifty-one Holstein cows were randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: high pasture group or high silage group. In the spring flush, pasture and silage DMI, milk yield, milk fat percentage, and GEE were not different between the dietary groups. After the spring flush, pasture and silage DMI were higher for the high silage group than for the high pasture group. After the spring flush, although these were the higher total DMI of the high silage group than the high pasture group, milk yield was significantly (p<0.05) higher for the high pasture group than the high silage group. Milk fat percentage tended to be higher for the high silage group than the high pasture group. The GEE was significantly (p<0.05) higher for the high pasture group than the high silage group during after the spring flush. This study indicated that supplementation of grass silage, especially after the spring flush, can have a significant effect of increasing of forage intake and maintenance of the milk fat percentage; but not increase milk yield and GEE.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.190-197
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• 2016

원유중의 아플라톡신 M₁의 오염도를 측정한 결과, 일부 지역 원유 중, 일반수준으로 관리한 지역의 집합유, HACCP으로 지정되어 관리되는 농가의 집합유, 아플라톡신 M₁ 저감화 배합사료를 제공한 지역의 집합유를 검체로 하여 1년간 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 모니터링을 실시한 결과, 일반적인 관리를 통해 집유된 집합유의 평균검출농도는 0.023±0.005 μg/l, HACCP 지정관리를 통해 집유된 집합유의 평균검출농도는 0.017±0.004 μg/l 그리고 저감화배합사료 제공을 통해 집유된 집합유의 평균검출농도는 0.013±0.003 μg/l으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 3개 지역 모두 한국이나 미국 그리고 유럽에서 정한 아플라톡신 M₁의 기준치 이하로 검출되었으며, 저감화 배합사료를 제공한 농가의 아플라톡신 M₁수준이 가장 적게 검출되었다. 아플라톡신 M₁의 특성으로서 사료공급상태에 따른 평균검출농도가 계절별로 차이가 나는 경향을 보이며, 3가지 실험군에서 공통적으로 여름철에 비해 겨울철 아플라톡신 M₁ 수준이 가장 높게 검출되었다. 이는 겨울철 사료의 관리미흡과 더불어 사료 보관기간이 늘어나며 일반배합사료의 섭취량이 증가되고 장기화됨에 따라, 젖소에서의 아플라톡신 B₁의 양이 농축되어 결과적으로 아플라톡신 M₁ 수준이 증가된 것으로 판단된다. 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 낮출 수 있는 가장 직접적인 방법으로는 곰팡이 독소를 흡착하게 하는 배합사료를 공급하여 원유로 아플라톡신 M₁이 전이되지 못하도록 하는 것으로써 일반수준으로 관리한 농가의 집합유에 비해 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준이 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 효율적이고 경제적인 측면을 고려하여 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 낮출 수 있는 가장 효과적인 방안은 HACCP 지정관리를 통한 농가 및 사료의 관리라 할 수 있다. 또한 보다 실질적인 아플라톡신 M₁의 수준을 감소시키기 위해서는 정부의 제도적인 지원과 낙농업계의 관리 및 농가의 철저한 위생관리가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.814-824
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• 2010

The objective of this research was to assess the effect of experience, education, record keeping, labor, and decision making on monthly milk yield per farm (MYF), monthly milk yield per cow (MYC), monthly milk revenue per farm (MRF), and monthly revenue per cow (MRC) of dairy farms supported by a private organization in Central Thailand. The dataset contained 34,082 monthly milk yield and revenue records collected from January 2004 to December 2008 on 497 farms, and information on individual farmer experience and education, record keeping, and decision making obtained with a questionnaire. Farmer experience categories were i) no experience, ii) one year, iii) two to five years, iv) six to ten years, v) eleven to fifteen years, vi) sixteen to twenty years, and vii) more than twenty years. Farmer education categories were i) no education or primary school, ii) high school, and iii) bachelor or higher degree. Record keeping categories were: i) no records and ii) kept records. Labor categories were: i) family, ii) hired people, and iii) family and hired people. Decision making categories were: i) decisions made by farmers themselves, ii) decisions made with help from government officials, and iii) decisions made with help from organization staff. The mixed linear model contained the fixed effects of year-season, farm location-farm size subclass, experience, education, record keeping, labor, and decision making on sire selection, and the random effects of farm and residual. Results showed that longer experience increased (p<0.05) monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC). Farms that hired people produced the highest (p<0.05) monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC), followed by farms that used family, and the lowest values were for farms that used both family and hired people. Better educated farmers produced more MYC and MRC (p<0.05) than lower educated farmers. Farms that kept records had higher MYF and MRF (p<0.05) than those without records. Although differences among farms were non-significant, farms that received help from the organization staff had higher monthly milk yield (MYF and MYC) and revenue (MRF and MRC) than those that decided by themselves or with help from government officials. These findings suggested that dairy farmers needed systematic training and continuous support to improve farm milk production and revenues in a sustainable manner.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.479-484
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• 2004

The study was conducted to assess the effect of milk production, parity, stage of lactation, season and individual milk components themselves on milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration and other milk components of 3,219 Holstein dairy cows in Korean dairy farms. The MUN concentrations in Korean dairy cows were estimated to 16.68$\pm$5.87 mg/dl. Milk yield was negatively correlated with fat and protein contents and somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk (p<0.01). The increasing MUN concentration has positive correlation with yield and fat content. By increasing somatic cell, milk yield was reduced and MUN level was increased. Cows in spring and winter produced more milk over 1.43 and 0.93 kg/day, respectively, than cows in summer (p<0.01). Milk urea nitrogen concentrations of milk produced in summer and fall were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those in spring and winter. Both MUN concentration and somatic cell counts were highest in winter. Milk yield was lower (p<0.01) in the first calving than other calving time and was tended to increase until the fifth parity and then decrease. Milk urea nitrogen and SCC were not related to parity of cows in this study. Milk yield and SCC were positively related to lactation period while MUN concentrations and milk fat and protein contents were negatively influenced by stage of lactation. In the present study, the relationship between MUN and reproduction of dairy cows was also investigated. Cow produced milk in high MUN concentrations (greater than 18 mg/dl) had more open days than cows in MUN concentrations less than 18 mg/dl. However, no significant difference between MUN concentration levels and frequency of artificial insemination was found in this study. It is suggested that although MUN values for nutritional management and measures of production or reproduction are used, non-nutritional factors should be considered.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2001년도 발생공학 국제심포지움 및 학술대회 발표자료집
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• pp.59-59
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• 2001

This study was designed to assess effect of MUN concentration on reproduction performance and monitoring of feeding and fertility management in commercial dairy herd. The mean of milk yield is 26.48±8.38㎏ per day, milk fat 3.80±0.58%, protein 3.13±0.3% MUN 16.68±5.87㎎/㎖ and somatic cell 392,000±77,060㎖. Milk yield has been shown that negative correlation with fat, protein and somatic cell(P〈0.01). The finding of this study was significant relationship between non-pregnant days and MUN concentration. (omitted)

• Neonatal Medicine
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.75-79
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• 2008

목 적 : 혈변을 보였으나 확진 할 수 없었던 4개월 이하의 영아에서 내원 당시의 임상 상태 및 2년 후의 추적관찰을 통해 얻은 정보로 임상 소견 및 향후 알레르기 질환의 발현 여부에 대하여 알아보고 치료 방침 설정에 도움이 되고자 본 연구를 시행하였다. 방 법 : 신생아와 조기 영아기에 혈변을 보았던 환아들 중 감염 및 수술적 질환을 제외한 환아의 임상소견 및 2년 후의 추적관찰을 시행하였다. 결 과 : 모든 환아에서 RAST 우유 검사는 음성이었고, 환아들 모두는 자연 호전 되었으며, 2년 후 추적관찰 결과 예후는 양호하였다. 내원 당시의 총 호산구수 증가 유무에 따른 2년 후의 알레르기 성향에서 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론 : 신생아와 조기 영아기에 혈변을 보았던 환아들 중 감염 및 수술적 질환을 제외한 환아의 임상양상 및 예후는 모두 양호하였고, 특별한 치료 없이 모두 호전되었으므로 불필요한 치료를 배제할 수 있을 것이다.