• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.171-175
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the efficacy of anthelmintics against gastrointestinal parasitic infestation in periparturient dairy cows and its effect on milk yield and quality. Sixty pregnant cows of 1st & 2nd parity were divided into four groups. The efficacy of anthelmintic treatment was evaluated by counting faecal egg per gram (EPG) compared with pre-treatment values. The milk yield of each cow was recorded in pre and post treatment lactations. Cows of group A were treated with Nitroxynil 10 mg/kg body weight subcutaneously 30 days before parturition, group B were treated with combination of triclabendazole and levamisole 19.5 mg/kg body weight orally at calving and group C treated with $Endex^{(R)}$ at calving and 42 days after. The mean change in EPG 14 days after treatment was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated (79.1%) cows than control. Average milk yield of group C ($2.8{\pm}0.8$) was significantly higher (p<0.01) than group A ($2.6{\pm}0.7$). Similarly, the average milk yield in all the treated cows was significantly (p<0.01) higher in treated lactation ($2.5{\pm}0.7$) than in the previous lactation ($2.2{\pm}0.7$). The average milk yield in all treated cows was significantly (p<0.01) higher than the control cows. Although, milk yields were higher in second parity than the first, there was no significant difference (p>0.05). The milk protein percentage was significantly higher (p<0.05) in treated group than the control group. Therefore, it may be concluded that periparturient anthelmintic treatment effectively reduced the gastrointestinal parasitic load and improved milk yield.

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.191-195
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• 1997

The objective of this study were to compare two methods of analysis of milk urea nitrogen (MUN) and to relate conentration of MUN to pregnancy rate in dairy cows. The Azotest and Sigma method for MUN analysis were compared. The Azotest consistently underestimated the Sigma values for same samples, except for those in rank 3. The CV for the Azotest, within each rank, were less than 15%, demonstrating acceptable repeatability of the Azotest within a rank. Concentrations of MUN higher or lower than MUN in rank 3 and 4 were associated with decreased pregnancy rate. Mun concentrations in rank 5 and 6 were associated with a, pp.oximately a 16 percentage point decrease in pregnancy rate. Mun concentrations in rank 5 and 6 were associated with a, pp.oximately a 16 percentage point decrease in pregnancy rate after AI in dairy cow. This results suggest that Azotest may be benificial to dairy producers to monitor urea nitrogen concentration in their herd in efforts to maintain or improve reproductive efficiency.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1986

In order to determine the content levels of trace metals in cow's milk, 79 market milk samples were collected from markets in major cities of Korea from July to August, 1985 and analyzed for content levels of Cu, Fe, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cd. The Results were as follows Cu, average 43.5 $\mu$g/l range 14 ~ 172.7 $\mu$g/l Fe, average 398.4 $\mu$g/l range 35 ~ 1,873 $\mu$g/l Zn, average 2.917 mg/l range 1.233 ~ 7.46 mg/l Mn, average 26.74 $\mu$g/l range 7.6 ~ 102 $\mu$g/l Pb, average 33.9 $\mu$g/l range N.D. ~ 105 $\mu$g/l Cd, average 1.73 $\mu$g/l range N.D. ~ 5.4 $\mu$g/l

• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.71-75
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• 1986

Feeding ratio in relation to milk production, usage of silage, hay and minerals and vitamin suplement were investigated from 5 dairy farms located in the areas of Cheju city, Jochun, Hallim an Sung-up. In this survey conducted on the dairty cow of 51 farms in the four districts of Cheju-do, it was suspected that the reproductive disorders seemed to be high because of inadequate feeding of roughages (especially silage) and increasing feeding of concentrated feeds. The average milk production of dairy cows was 21.3 Kg in spring, 19.3 Kg in summer, 16.2 Kg in fall and 15.7 Kg in winter.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 2000

Data from a village household dairy survey was compared with technical parameters of three model farms (0.2, 0.4 and 0.8 ha in extent) established by the Mid-country Livestock Development Centre (MLDC). In terms of land size, about 67% of the 250 dairy farmers interviewed corresponded with the MLDC models, but only 33% of the farmers were keeping dairy cattle under conditions comparable to the MLDC models (no regular off-farm income). In the 0.2 ha category, village farmers kept more cows, and in the other two categories the village farmers kept less cows than their MLDC model counterparts. In all three categories, the milk production per cow was higher in the model farms (1540 to 2137 vs. 1464 to 1508 litres/cow/year), and this could be attributed to higher feeding levels of concentrates in the model farms as compared to the village farmers (430 to 761 vs. 233 to 383 kg/cow/year). The amount of milk produced from fodder was higher in the village situation in comparison to the models. In the mid country, dairy production seems to depend on access to fodder resources rather than on the extent of land owned. Except in the 0.8 ha village category, the highest contribution to the total income was made by the dairy component (44 to 60%). With 0.8 ha village farmers, the income contribution from dairy and crops was similar (41%). Income from other livestock was important for the 0.2 ha MLDC model, but for all other categories their contribution to total income ranged from 0 to 10%. Access to fodder resources outside own-farm land is vital for economic dairy production. As such, an in-depth analysis of feed resources available and their accessibility needs to be further investigated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.10
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• pp.1535-1539
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• 2003

Four microsatellite DNA loci BM1818, BM1258, BM1443 and BM1905 associated with the somatic cell counts (SCC) in cow milk were analyzed for genetic variation in 240 Beijing Holstein cows. The PCR amplified products of microsatellites DNA were detected by non-denatured polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The number of alleles for BM1818, BM1258, BM1443 and BM1905 were 4, 5, 8 and 6 in Beijing Holstein cows, respectively. The allele size ranges for BM1818, BM1258, BM1443 and BM1905 were 274 bp to 286 bp, 92 bp to 106 bp, 154 bp to 170 bp and 187 bp to 201 bp, respectively. The polymorphism information content/effective number of alleles/heterozygosity for BM1818, BM1258, BM1443 and BM1905 were 0.3869/1.7693/0.4348, 0.5923/2.9121/0.6566, 0.7114/3.9012/0.7437 and 0.5921/2.8244/0.6459. These data showed the microsatellite DNA locus BM1443 has the highest variability, followed by BM1258, BM1905 and BM1818. The results of the least squares means analysis showed as follows: the least squares mean of SCC for BM1818 284 bp/284 bp was significantly lower than that for BM1818 286 bp/286 bp (p<0.05). The least squares mean of SCC for BM1258 100 bp/100 bp was significantly lower than that for BM1258 102 bp/102 bp, 106 bp/106 bp, 106 bp/104 bp, 106 bp/102 bp, 106 bp/100 bp, 104 bp/100 bp (p<0.05). The least squares mean of SCC for BM1443 166 bp/160 bp and 166 bp/166 bp was significantly lower than that for BM1443 170 bp/160 bp, 160 bp/157 bp, 165 bp/160 bp (p<0.05). The least squares mean of SCC for BM1905 187 bp/187 bp was significantly lower than that for BM1905 197 bp/195 bp, 193 bp/187 bp (p<0.05).

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.433-450
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• 2002

The daily food intake for dairy cows has to be effectively controlled to breed a sound group of cows as well as to enhance the productivity of the cows. But, feed stuffs are fed in the common bulk for a group of cows in most cases despite that the individual food intake has to be varied. To obtain the feed for each cow, both the nutrient requirements and the nutrient composition of fred have to be provided in advance, which are based on the status of cows such as weigh marginal weight amount of milk, fat concentration in milk, growth and milking stages, and rough feed ratio, etc. Then, the mixed ration fur diet would be computed by the nutrient requirements constraints. However, when TMR (Total Mixed Ration) is conventionally supplied for a group of cows, it is almost impossible to get an optimal feed mixed ration meeting the nutrient requirements of each individual cow since the constraints are usually conflicting and over-constrained although they are linear. Hence, addressed in this paper is a simulated annealing (SA) technique to find the food intake for dairy cows, considering the characteristics of individual or grouped cows. Appropriate parameters fur the successful working of SA are determined through preliminary experiments. The parameters include initial temperature, epoch length. cooling scheduling, and stopping criteria. In addition, a neighborhood solution generation method for the effective improvement of solutions is presented. Experimental results show that the final solution for the mixture of feed fits the rough feed ratio and some other nutrient requirements such as rough fiber, acid detergent fiber, and neutral detergent fiber, with 100 percent, while fulfilling net energy for lactating, metabolic energy, total digestible nutrients, crude protein, and undegraded intake protein within average five percent.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.8-17
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• 2024

This study was conducted to explore the efficacy of bee venom as a treatment for mastitis and to determine the optimal dosage and treatment period. When 6 mg or 12 mg of bee venom was administered to each experimental quarter of mastitis in dairy cow, the clinical symptoms in the 12 mg quarter were noticeably improved compared to those in the 6 mg quarter. There was no significant difference in the somatic cell count (SCC) in the milk between normal and mastitis quarters between the 6 and 12 mg doses, but there was a steady decrease in the 12 mg-treated quarter (p = 0.34). To determine the treatment period, bee venom was administered for 2, 4, and 7 days. After administering 12 mg of bee venom for 7 days, the SCC in the milk was compared before 6 days and after 7 days, and the SCC was significantly decreased to less than 100,000 SC/mL after 7 days (p = 0.01). In addition, to investigate the efficacy of bee venom, the minimum inhibitory concentration for S. aureus, E. coli, and coagulase negative staphylococci was measured, and the results showed that Gram-positive bacteria were more sensitive to bee venom than Gram-negative bacteria, and treatment for Gram-negative bacteria was limited. As a result of this study, it was confirmed that a dose of 12 mg of bee venom and a treatment period of more than 7 days were required to treat mastitis, and that treatment with bee venom alone against Gram-negative bacteria was negative.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.677-685
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• 2018

Objective: The objective of the present study was to determine ammonium chloride tolerance of lactating dairy cows, by examining effects of negative dietary cation anion difference (DCAD) induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion on performance, serum and urine minerals, serum metabolites and enzymes of lactating dairy cows. Methods: Four primiparous lactating Chinese Holstein cows fitted with ruminal cannulas were infused with increasing amounts (0, 150, 300, or 450 g/d) of ammonium chloride in a crossover design. The DCAD of the base diet was 279 mEq/kg dry matter (DM) using the DCAD formula (Na + K - Cl - S)/kg of DM. Ammonium chloride infusion added the equivalent of 0, 128, 330, and 536 mEq/kg DM of Cl in treatments. According to the different dry matter intakes (DMI), the resulting actual DCAD of the four treatments was 279, 151, -51, and -257 mEq/kg DM, respectively. Results: DMI decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Yields of milk, 4% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, milk fat, and milk protein decreased linearly as DCAD decreased. Concentrations of milk protein and milk urea nitrogen increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Concentration of Cl- in serum increased linearly and concentration of PO43- in serum increased quadratically as DCAD decreased. Urine pH decreased linearly and calculated urine volume increased linearly with decreasing DCAD. Linear increases in daily urinary excretion of $Cl^-$, $Ca^{2+}$, $PO_4{^{3-}}$, urea N, and ammonium were observed as DCAD decreased. Activities of alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, and ${\gamma}-glutamyl$ transferase in serum and urea N concentration in serum increased linearly as DCAD decreased. Conclusion: In conclusion, negative DCAD induced by ruminal ammonium chloride infusion resulted in a metabolic acidosis, had a negative influence on performance, and increased serum enzymes indicating potential liver and kidney damage in lactating dairy cows. Daily ammonium chloride intake by lactating dairy cows should not exceed 300 g, and 150 g/d per cow may be better.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.379-385
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• 2018

Objective: The study aimed to evaluate sugarcane bagasse as roughage in lactating cow on feed intake, digestibility, ingestive behavior, milk production and composition, and microbial protein synthesis. Methods: Ten Girolando cows at initial body weight of $450{\pm}25.6kg$ and at $143.7{\pm}30.7days$ in milk were assigned in two $5{\times}5$ Latin square designs. Five 21-day experimental periods were adopted ($1^{\circ}$ to 14-day: diets adaptation period; $15^{\circ}$ to 21-day: data collection and sampling period). The diets consisted of four different levels of sugarcane bagasse (45%, 50%, 55%, and 60%) and a control diet, commonly adopted in the region, based on spineless cactus (25% sugarcane bagasse), formulated to meet 12 kg/d milk yield. Results: The dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), and total digestible nutrients intakes and DM and OM digestibilities observed for 45% and 50% bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet, while that 55% and 60% bagasse inclusion were lower. Cows fed control diet, and bagasse diets of 45%, and 50% levels had the nutritional requirements attended, that guaranteed 12 kg/d of milk yield. The crude protein intake and digestibility of cows fed 45%, 50%, and 55% of bagasse inclusion were similar to control diet. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and digestibility differ for all bagasse diets related to control diet, while the non-fiber carbohydrates intake and digestibility for cows fed 45% of bagasse were similar for control diet. The intakes and digestibilities of nutrients decreased linearly in function of bagasse inclusion; NDF and indigestible NDF intakes did not vary. The ruminating time, feeding and rumination efficiency, microbial protein synthesis and milk yield decreased linearly with sugarcane bagasse inclusion. Conclusion: Sugarcane bagasse decreases milk production; however, its inclusion level in between 45% to 50% associated to concentrate could replace diets based on spineless cactus for crossbred dairy cow's producing 12 kg/d of milk.