• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.642-650
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• 2006

As an effective non-pharmacological method of pain relief, hydrotherapy was widely used. And bath additive has been used for enhancing the efficacy of hydrotherapy, In the present study, as a bath additive, the analgesic activity of HAC, which composed of Corydalis turtschaninovii, Atractylodes japonica, and Harpagophytum procumbens(HAC), was investigated in the ventrolateral periaqueductal gray (VIPAG), lateral PAG (IPAG), central nuclei of amygdala (CeA), and the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) in mice, using writhing test and immunohistochemistry for c-Fos. Male C57BU6 mice weighing $25{\;}{\pm}{\;}2g$ (8 weeks of age) were used for this experiment. The animals were divided into five groups: the control group, the acetic acid treatment group, the acetic acid treatment and 0.01 g/L HAC-immersed group, the acetic acid treatment and 0.1 g/L HAC-immersed group, and the acetic acid treatment and 1.0 g/L HAC-immersed group. To induce somato-visceral pain in the experimental animals, a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of acetic acid was administrated to each animal, and the animals of the control group received injections of equivalent doses of normal saline. The animals of the HAC-immersed groups were immersed the water with HAC powder at the respective doses deep enough to cover the mice body, and those of the control group and the acetic acid treatment group immersed the water without HAC powder at 10 min immediately after the acetic acid injection. Our present study has shown that the HAC reduced the acetic acid-induced abdominal constrictions and the acetic acid-Induced increase of numbers of c-Fos-positive cells in the VIPAG, IPAG, PVN, and CeA. The most potent analgesic effect appeared with the treatment of 1.0 g/L KB-immersed group. Based on our present results, it is very possible that HAC can be a potent therapeutic bath additive for alleviating pain without the fear of addiction to the drugs and side-effects associated with the prescription of multiple analgesic drugs.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.343-347
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• 2010

Heavy application of fertilizer and manure in excess from the optimum requirement for crop growth can increase phosphorus (P) accumulation and P release potential in soils. In this study, the relationship between soil test P and 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P was analysed to evaluate the P release potential of agricultural soils under different land-use. The paddy, upland, plastic film house(PFH) soils were sampled from Tongyoung and Changnyeong, and Daegok areas in Gyeongnam province, respectively. With respect to the P accumulation, available P contents in upland and PFH soils were 619 and 796 mg $P_2O_5$/kg, respectively indicating that different land-use types can greatly impact soil P accumulation. As soil available P was increased in the paddy soil, the content of 0.01M $CaCl_2$ extractable P also linearly increased without change point. Comparatively, P threshold were detected at 520 mg $P_2O_5$/kg in both upland and PFH soils, indicating that P release potential were higher in these land-use systems. For reducing P release from agricultural soils, management of optimum P content is needed in soils possessing high P release potential. Further, the change point value, if it is to be used as an environmental indicator, requires more detailed investigation to cover a wide range of soil characteristics.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2018

This study presents experimental investigation on the residual capacity of fire-damaged voided slabs according to loading conditions. In this study, two voided slab specimens were fabricated, and heated by ISO standard fire during 120 minutes with different loading conditions of presence of loading. These specimens were cooled down to room temperature, and the residual capacity of fire-damaged voided slabs was investigated. Based on test results, thermal distribution of voided slab through the depth of concrete sections is different by the loading conditions. The temperature of loaded specimen is rapidly elevated through the whole depth of concrete sections compared to the unloaded specimen. The residual strength of fire-damaged voided slab specimens are 60% and 66% of that of voided slab specimen without fire damage, and the residual stiffness of fire-damaged voided slab specimens decreases by 15%~23% of that of voided slab specimen without fire damage. In case of voided slab specimens subjected ISO standard fire, the loaded specimen shows the decrease of 10% in the residual strength and the decrease of 15% in the residual stiffness compared to the unloaded specimen. It seems to result from higher temperature of bottom reinforcements in the loaded specimen due to the cracks, and more extensive damage on concrete cover of reinforcements by spalling process according to load level.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.304-313
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• 2019

Biopolymer based on microbial β-glucan and xanthan gum is effective for vegetation and has a function of enhancing soil strength, which can be used as soil reinforcement and stabilization materials in river embankment. The purpose of this study is to verify the vegetation effect of the surface of levee by biopolymer with seed spraying method. Mixed soils with biopolymer were used to cover the surface of embankments. The strength is higher in biopolymer-treated soil and xanthan gum based biopolymer has advantage for quality control in field scale. In addition, the vegetation of F. arundinacea and L. perenne showed various reactions with types of biopolymers. Biopolymer has a positive effect on the vegetation of them. In contrast, root growth tended to decrease in biopolymer-treated soils. The results indicate that root growth is slow down due to increasing ability to retain water in biopolymer-treated soil. In order to apply biopolymer to river embankment, it is necessary to examine the effects of biopolymers on a wide range of plant species in river embankment.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.1-18
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• 2008

As medical insurance had been implemented for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) from January 1, 2005, this study investigated whether there had been any change in the amount of the medical care utilization of patients who undertook MRI before and after the insurance coverage, and was to examine factors affecting the amount of medical care utilization of MRI. Data were collected from patients who undertook MRI before and after the insurance coverage for a year at a general hospital in Kyeanggi-do. $X^2$ and t-test were used for the analysis of their general characteristics, the number of MRI, and its medical costs before and after the insurance coverage, and hierarchical multiple regression analysis for the factors affecting the amount of the medical care utilization of MRI. The results of this study were as follows. First, the number of MRI after the insurance coverage was significantly decreased. Second, there was no significant difference in the total medical costs of MRI after the insurance coverage, but a significant difference was found in patient's share of medical costs. Third, six variables were found to be affecting the amount of the medical care utilization of MRI, and the variables showed to lead the number of MRI decrease after the insurance coverage. These six factors explained 21.4% of the total number of MRI. As MRI had been covered by insurance, the use of MRI and patient's share of the costs were deceased, but the total medical costs were not affected. Reasons for that could be found in that MRI insurance, different from the case of CT insurance coverage, was allowed not to cover some items and the kinds of diseases subjected to the insurance coverage were extremely limited, lowering insurance prescription rate. In addition to that, the average medical cost of MRI was not changed after the insurance coverage. Therefore, as future measures for the MRI insurance, coverage, it should be considered to allow insurance coverage to no coverage items and to expand the scope of benefit coverage, or to lower patient's share of the costs. Furthermore, researches should be done to explore how recipients will act and how suppliers will react if the coverage is expanded, including expanding the scope of coverage and reducing patient's share of the costs, as well as to conduct research on its economic analysis according to case mix.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.214-218
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• 2014

We introduce a technical equipment of GATe (Green (algae)-tide) water combine developed by K-water. The GATe water combine consists of five modules: main body and buoyant, transfer hopper, screen conveyer, sludge remover, and separator of algae and waste. Also a sprinkler, as the pre-treatment step if necessary, is equipped to the device to spread out environmental-friendly algaecide under the circumstance that the level of algal bloom does not reach to the scum-forming condition. The overall module system of this device is very simple. Based on the field test, the device covers surface area of ca. $500,000m^2day^{-1}$ during the period from May to July, and treats water volume as much as $500,000m^3day^{-1}$ in spite of some variation depending on the water quality condition. The removal efficiency of the device appeared to be over 90%. In addition, the operating duration of the device was able to expand to cover the period between March and November. We expect this new technology can be used to solve algal bloom problems in drinking water resource and public water area.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2007

Filter colorimeters have a set of spectral bands for which spectral responsivity is the same as the color matching function defined by CIE (Commission Internationale de I'Eclairage). We have designed a set of color matching function filters denoted by $\bar{x}-filter,\;\bar{y}-filter,\;and\;\bar{z}-filter$. Because the $\bar{x}-function$ has two transmission bands, two $\bar{x}-filters$ are designed to cover the $\bar{x}-function$. To design the filters, we developed a nonlinear least square fit program which determines the thickness of the color glasses by minimizing its spectral mismatch value ($f{_1}'$) to below 3 %. The design has been validated by fabrication of the $\bar{y}-bar$ filter, of which $f{_1}'$ was measured to be 2.8 %. Considering a LCD flat panel display as a device under test, we have calculated the systematic error of the colorimetric measurement using the designed filters.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.81-88
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• 2014

The researcher of this study applied PCA on aerial hyper-spectral sensor and selectively combined bands which contain high amount of information, creating five types of PCA images. By applying Spectral Angle Mapping-supervised classification technique on each type of image, classification process was carried out and accuracy was evaluated. The test result showed that the amount of information contained in the first band of PCA-transformation image was 76.74% and the second accumulated band contained 98.40%, suggesting that most of information were contained in the first and the second PCA components. Quantitative classification accuracy evaluation of each type of image showed that total accuracy, producer's accuracy and user's accuracy had similar patterns. What drew the researcher's attention was the fact that the first and the second bands of the PCA-transformation image had the highest accuracy according to the classification accuracy although it was believed that more than four bands of PCA-transformation image should be contained in order to secure accuracy when doing the qualitative classification accuracy.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.167-178
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• 1993

The objective of this paper is to look into the possibility of the detailed and practical optimum design of rt:inforced concrete beam using methods oi discrete mathematical programming. In this discrete optimum formulation, the design variables are the overall depth, width and effective depth of members, and area of longitudinal reinforcement. In addition, the details such as the amount of web reinforcement and cutoff points of longitudinal reinforcement are also considered as variables. Total cost has been used as the objective function. The constraints include the code requirments such as flexural strength, shear strength, ductility, serviceability, concrete cover. spacing, web reinforcement, and development length and cutoff points of longitudinal renforcement. An optimization algorithm is presented for effective optimum design of R.C. beam with discrete de sign variables. First, the continuous variable optimization can be achieved by Feasible Direction Method. Using the results obtained from the continuous variable optimization, a branch and bound method is used to obtained the discrete design values. The proposed algorithm is applied to test problem for reliability, and the results are compared with those of graphical method and rounded-up method. And a simply supported R.C. beam and a two-span continuous R.C. beam are presented as numerical examples for effectiveness and applicability. It is considered that the presented algorithm can be effectively applied to the discrete optimum design of R.C. beams.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.205-214
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• 2012

Crack widths play an important role in the serviceability limit state. When crack widths are controlled sufficiently, the reinforcement corrosion can be reduced using only existing concrete cover thickness due to low permeability in the region of finely distributed hair-cracks. Thus, the knowledge about the tensile crack opening is essential in designing more durable concrete structures. Therefore, numerous researches related to the topic have been performed. Nevertheless accurate measurement of a crack width is not a simple task due to several reasons such as unknown potential crack formation location and crack opening damaging strain gages. In order to overcome these difficulties and measure precise crack widths, a displacement measurement system was developed using digital image correlation. Accuracy calibration tests gave an average measurement error of 0.069 pixels and a standard deviation of 0.050 pixels. Direct tensile test was performed using ultra high performance concrete specimens. Crack widths at both notched and unnotched locations were measured and compared with clip-in gages at various loading steps to obtain crack opening profile. Tensile deformation characteristics of concrete were well visualized using displacement vectors and full-field displacement contour maps. The proposed technique made it possible to measure crack widths at arbitrary locations, which is difficult with conventional gages such as clip-in gages or displacement transducers.