• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.59 no.2
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• pp.171-195
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• 2007

Remarriages constitute an increasing proportion of all marriage in Korea. In 2005 26.1% of marriages were remarriages for one or both partners. Also, remarriages are more likely to end in divorce than first marriages. This study is conducted to understand how and why the remarriage is ended in divorce in Korea. Seven ex-stepmothers were asked in-depth interview to describe the whole story from courtship to divorce of remarriage. Their narratives were analyzed by a qualitative software program, Nvivo2, which assured us the validity and the reliability of method of the study. Qualitative analysis revealed several major concepts related to the dissolution of remarriage: lack of feeling of love in a motive of marriage, lack of understanding of and preparation for remarriage, fragile tie of remarried couple, frictions between step-children and step-mothers, feeling excluded from family-in-law, and wife battering. The results of the study highlighted that the social work interventions should be actively done in the area of family life education including remarriages and remarried families.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.25-31
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• 2014

This study was investigated spawning behavior, structure of egg masses and egg development in Aplysia kurodai inhabiting the coastal waters of Jeju Island, Korea. The mating and courtship behavior of A. kurodai occurred in the form of unilateral copulating with chain formation. In chain copulation, only the first animal acted as a female; the second and succeeding animals acted as males (sperm donors) to the animals in front and as females to the animals behind. The fertilized eggs were packaged in capsules that are embedded in jelly to form a cylindrical string called an egg masses. The number of capsule per cm of the egg masses was 55 to 60 capsules and each capsule within the egg masses held 15 to 25 eggs. After spawning, the egg masses were bright yellow or orange in color. This egg masses color not changed until embryos developed into trochophore stage. Thereafter, as embryo developed from trochophore stage to veliger stage the egg masses color became brownish. The fertilized eggs were spherical, with a diameter of approximately $80{\pm}1{\mu}m$ at spawning. At 5 to 6 days after spawning, the embryo developed into trochophore stage and began to rotate within the egg capsule. In the trochophore stage, the precursor of the velum, called the prototroch or prevelum, developed. At 10 days after spawning, the prevelum is transformed into the velum, and the trochophore developed into veliger stage. Between 10 to 15 days after spawning, the veligers broke out of the egg capsule, and hatched as free-swimming larvae.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.38 no.2 s.112
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• pp.207-216
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• 2005

Spawning behaviors of Squalidus gracilis majimae (Cyprinidae) were observed in the laboratory whose environmental factors such as light (D/L = 16 : 8), temperature ($20\;{\sim}\;24\;＾{\circ}C$), and dissolved oxygen (>8 mg $L^{-1}$) were quite regularly controlled. The behavioral patterns were categorized into three stages ofpre-spawning, spawning, and Post-spawning behaviors. In Particular, the pre-spawning stage was specified by 11 specific behavioral patterns of aggressive mating behaviors. During the spawning stage, the male and female performed four distinct spawning behaviors including sexual temptation, stimulation, egg spawning, and the separation, and randomly laid about 200 ${\sim}$ 300 eggs on the bottom substrates through the night. After finishing spawning, two adults separated toward their refuges and showed 3 types of post-spawning behaviors such as the resting, occasional eggs protecting, and the egg eating. The fish was identified as a partial-parental care species after the spawning.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.865-872
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• 2015

Body size is one of the important factors that determine mating success in various animal taxa. Nevertheless, only few related studies have been conducted on Korean salamanders. In this study, we have investigated whether large male Gori salamander (Hynobius yangi), which is a Korean endemic species and is unknown for its mating behaviors, is dominant in the mating competition than small males. Thirteen sets of mating trials composed of one large male, one small male, and one female per each group were analyzed in the categories of courtship display towards females, male competition and egg fertilizing behavior. The results show that the mating behaviors between large and small males towards females or with each other did not significantly differ. These results may have been caused by a small size variation among males and the presence of plenty of oviposition locations in breeding sites. This is the first report on Gori salamander's mating behaviors.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.137-151
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• 1993

This study presents an appraisal of current theorizing process through the review of family studies. Also it shows the outlines of five sociological general theories and how to apply them to family studies. The field of family studies entered a new stage in the middle of the twentieth century. Especially the decade of the 1970s was a period of rapid development in family theories because middle-range theories were developed. Currently identified major conceptual frameworks of family studies are five sociological general theories. Exchange theory was utilized in several studies and the problems could have been conceptualized in a way that would have tested the general theory of rewards, costs, and profits, but in most instances the theory was developed at a limited substantive level. Symbolic interactionism is the most useful in understanding precarious human relationships, such as courtship processes, intergenerational relationships family roles, and powers. General systems theory have been provided generalizaitons useful for understanding the characteristics of the family systems and also useful in describing the interactions with the environment, and the functioning of a family along a continuum of open to closed. Conflict theorists point that the basic units of society comprise all persons who share a sense of status equality and there are continual struggles in society for various goods. This theory attemps to account for the development within the family of norms of equity, or fairness. Phenomenology becomes available when we cease to treat an object as real, and begin to treat the object as meant, as intended, as it appears. Therefore the formulation of an adequate and complete description of family is important. Family theorists must be urged to do a number of things including continuing to improve existing theory and continuing to develop metatheory and methodologies of building theory.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.153-161
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• 2018

Given that reviewing domestic articles on dating violence since 2009 has not been produced in Korea compared to the seriousness of dating violence, this study aimed to suggest research directions for future studies by exploring trends of recent domestic academic literature on dating violence. For this, the study searched for domestic articles in academic data base using key words related to dating violence. Using content analysis, 70 articles selected were analyzed according to year of publication, research subjects, themes, and methods. The results showed that steady academic effort has been made on this topic and university students were studied the most. The theme of analyzing factors affecting dating violence behavior appeared the most and empirical research was more frequent than non-empirical ones. The results suggested a need to extend the scope of research themes, subjects and methods in this field.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.57 no.5
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• pp.839-870
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• 2011

This study compares and contrasts Jane Austen's novels of sensibility with those of Rousseau and Goethe. In Julie, or The New Heloise and The Sorrows of Young Werther, the passionate but doomed love of the heroine and her lover is juxtaposed with her passionless marriage to the virtuous husband. In Sense and Sensibility and Pride and Prejudice, Austen revises Rousseau and Goethe's novels of sensibility to accommodate them to the puritanical English literary conventions. She parodies the basic plot of Menage a trois found in their novels of sensibility and transforms her novels into British Bildungsroman, focusing on the heroines' maturation. In Sense and Sensibility, Marianne stands up against the mercenary and snobbish high society. However, Austen represses Marianne's sensibility since the indulgence in sensibility can bring about sexual fall, as is evidenced by the cases of the two Elizas. Marianne's dangerous fever following Willoughby's betrayal emphasizes that female sexual desire should be punished for her continued existence in the high society. The taming of her sensibility and body through the fever is posited as a prerequisite for the happy marriage. In Pride and Prejudice, Elizabeth favors the deprived Wickham over the wealthy Darcy. As Wickham turns out to be a debauched lover, Darcy snatches sexual charms from him and is transfigured into one of the most virtuous and attractive husbands in Menage a trois of the novels of sensibility. Acknowledging sexuality as a vital element of a courtship, Austen embeds sexual desire in dances and glances. However, Elizabeth has to repress sensibility and desire and the complete gratification of desire is continuously deferred to some indefinite period in the future. Marriage is a synecdoche for the union of the bourgeois and the aristocracy in Austen's Bildungsroman and Marianne and Elizabeth are bestowed with happy marriage in return for repressing their sensibility and desire. Since their 'normality' and 'maturation' have been achieved at the expense of subversive sexual power of deviant sensibility, they look too impotent to gratify their desire when they finally secure comfortable but mediocre upper class life.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.153-176
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• 2009

This paper attempts an allegorical reading of female sexuality in Henry James' The Aspern Papers, wherein the narrator reveals his obsession with the love letters of the dead poet, Jeffrey Aspern. Not only the old papers, but does he also fetishize female protagonists in order to maintain his belief in the "great poet." Discussing such fetishistic elements in the novella is in order firstly to reveal the self-splitting logic of phallocentric language, and secondly to analyze the limitation of such language, which resonates with the Freudian construction of female sexuality as critically presented by Irigary. The first part of this study explains the binary structure of The Aspern Papers crystalized in the symbolic courtship in the Bordereaus' garden. It also represents the psychological mindset of the narrator/protagonist: symbolically located "outside," the narrator describes the two Bordereaus as being closed "inside" in a dark mansion, concealing the precious papers from him and the public. In other words, the women are nothing but the obstacle for the self-elected agent, the narrator, from the publication of the language and ideas of the "great man". The women are associated with secrecy and surreptitiousness, while the man with transparency and the truth. Second part of this paper mimics this In/Out binary as a means to reveal insufficiency, if not impropriety, of the predominant discourse of female sexuality constructed and controlled from the male perspective. Employing Irigary's argument, this paper reads the female characters as allegory for female sexual organs, which explains the narrator's inevitable failure. That is, female sexuality is something that cannot be articulated by the intruding language of a masculine subject. since the female sex as such is not only plural but also harmonious and self-contained,

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.538-552
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• 2017

In this study, total mercury (THg) of Black-tailed Gull (Larus crassirostris) eggs laid on Baengnyeongdo, West Sea of Korea was analyzed in order to compare the THg concentrations of eggs depending on egg-laying order. The first-laid eggs ($mean{\pm}standard$ error, $234.4{\pm}11.2ng/g\;wet$, n=18, t=8.4, p<0.01) significantly had higher THg concentrations than the second-laid eggs ($182.8{\pm}9.1ng/g\;wet$, n=18). Also, the first-laid eggs had higher values in biometrics (length $63.10{\pm}0.49mm$, t=2.4, p<0.05; width $44.51{\pm}0.19mm$, t=4.3, p<0.01; weight $65.53{\pm}0.87g$, t=4.2, p<0.01) than the second-laid eggs (length $62.37{\pm}0.40mm$, width $43.55{\pm}0.17mm$, and weight $62.48{\pm}0.72g$). These differences might be attributed to the amount of food eaten by females relating to males' courtship feeding pattern (males increase courtship feeding rate before the first eggs are laid, and decrease the rate following the laying of the first eggs). Moreover, the lower food intake of females could diminish the quantities of egg albumen that contains a protein binds to most of methylmercury during the period of egg production. Therefore, it is necessary to consistently apply one of egg selection methods (targeted selection (the first-laid egg or the second-laid egg), random selection, and etc.) in one nest for ensuring comparability of mercury concentrations among monitoring sites and monitoring years.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.977-985
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• 2016

The captive breeding program of the Reeve's turtle (Mauremys reevesii), which is designated as an endangered category II species by the Korean Ministry of Environment, has developed, but the reproductive physiology of the species is still not fully understood. In this study, we investigated seasonal changes in the sex steroid levels, the number and size of follicles and eggs and male-female interactive behaviors of hibernated and non-hibernated turtles between November 2014 and October 2015. Plasma estradiol level in females increased from July and peaked in the period from August to October. Plasma testosterone level in males peaked between August and September and was the lowest in March, although there were some variations depending on the patterns of hibernation. Hibernated females had fully developed eggs between early May and middle July and laid eggs between early June and late July, but non-hibernated females had eggs between early April and early June and also between middle August and late November, and laid eggs in early June, mid-October, and early February. These results suggest that hibernation could be essential for normal follicular and egg developments. Male-female interactive behaviors including courtship intensified from late August and peaked in October and November. Our findings suggest that mating period of this species is directly related to increased steroid hormone levels, but follicular and egg developments in females are not. Our results could be very useful to the successful operation of captive rearing programs of the endangered Reeve' sturtles.