• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.105-111
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• 2014

To elucidate whether small diameter at breast height correlates with tree death in an overcrowded tree population, we analyzed self-thinning occurring over the course of 37 years in naturally established Pinus densiflora populations in Sugadaira, central Japan. As trees grew, their diameters at breast height increased and the number of trees consequently decreased. Spatial distribution, which was initially clumped, changed accordingly, first becoming random and finally uniform. We calculated the "available area" of individual trees to elucidate the contribution of this parameter to tree mortality. Small diameter at breast height was strongly correlated with tree death, with a slight correlation observed between tree death and small available area of individual trees.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제20권7호
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• pp.881-890
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• 2011

In this study, thermal environment changes for a marathon course of IAAF World Championship, Daegu 2011 were modeled to provide improvements of thermal environment, so that runners could have the maximum condition and citizens pleasant streets. The three biggest size of intersections were selected for the study. Envi-met, 3G microclimate model, were used for a thermal environment analysis and three different cases - present status, planting roadside tree scenario, and roof-garden scenario - were compared. The followings are the results of the study. 1. The highest thermal distribution were shown at 1 p.m., but there was no significant difference between a thermal distribution at 1 p.m. and that at 5 p.m. since a heat flux from buildings affects thermal distributions rather than insolation does. 2. Tree planting or adding environmental friendly factors might lead a temperature drop effect, but the effect was not significant for areas covered with impermeability packing materials such as concrete or asphalt (especally, for Site case 2) 3. The combination of tree planting and adding environmental friendly factors also brought a temperature drop effect (Site 1 and 2) and this case showed even better result if green spaces (especially, parks) were closed.

• 공학교육연구
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.46-52
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• 2018

In general, lecture evaluation has been used in most universities as an important criterion to evaluate quality of education. This study is exploratory research on the predictors that determine lecture evaluation in college of engineering to give practical implications for improvement of engineering education. For the exploration of predictors of lecture evaluation, the data of lecture evaluation in A College of Engineering located in the metropolitan area was used, and Decision Tree Analysis was utilized as an analysis method. As a result, the characteristics of students turned out to be the most distinct predictor comparing with those of course and instructor at lecture evaluation in college of engineering. That is, as various elements other than teaching competency influence lecture evaluation in college of engineering, it is necessary to be more careful in evaluating quality of lecture or teaching competence. Thus, a follow-up study should be conducted to adjust the influence by the predictors that instructors can hardly control.

• 아시안잔디학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.27-38
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• 2005

본 연구는 국내 골프장의 법면에 식재된 수목의 경사도와 잔디의 피해 경향을 알아보고자 수행하였다. 1. 법면의 사면에 식재된 수목 근부 지역의 잔디 고사가 가장 많이 발생한 방향은 상승사면 보다는 하강사면에서 주로 발생하였다. 하강사면으로 잔디고사가 진행된 것은 대부분 시험구에서 공통적으로 나타났다. 2. 수목근부지역의 잔디가 고사한 피해 면적은 이스트밸리 골프장 시험구의 경우, 대부분의 사면은 남향에 위치하였고, 잔디의 고사 면적이 최대인 시험구는 제 7시험구로서 남동향으로 211cm의 피해가 발생하였다. 또한 1차조사 지점에서 2차조사 지점까지의 피해 면적이 가장 넓은 곳도 역시 제 7시험구의 남동향의 82cm가 진행되었다. 3. 지산 골프장의 경우 사면의 방향은 다양하였고, 잔디의 고사가 최대인 시험구은 제 4시험구로 북향 645cm까지 진행되었다. 또한 1차와 2차의 차이는 제 11시험구가 북서향 166cm로 가장 넓은 지역에서 피해가 발생하였다. 4. 수목근부지역에서 발생하는 피해는 수목의 뿌리와 잔디의 경합 등에 의해서 발생되는 경우도 있지만 2차 피해로 토양의 침식이 동반되어 발생한 시험구도 있었다. 이 시험구의 경우에는 대부분이 상부능선에 수목이 군락으로 형성된 지역에서 대부분 나타났었다. 이와 같은 현상이 보인 시험구은 지산골프장의 시험구들 중에 제 1시험구, 제 2시험구, 제 6시험구, 제 7시험구와 이스트밸리 골프장은 제 6시험구였다. 5. 일부 시험구에서는 수목의 수관과 밀접한 관계를 가지고 잔디의 고사 피해 현상을 보였는데, 지산 골프장의 자귀나무가 식재된 제 11시험구의 경우엔 수목의 뿌리와 관련하지만 피해 증상이 수관의 형태에 따라서 발생하였다.무처리구 LD지역에 비하여 밀도의 차이가 컸는데, 이는 무처리구 LD지역은 양분을 축적하기 위한 토양양분 등의 부족과 잔디내 유용 탄수화물의 고갈로 인해 오히려 잔디의 밀도가 감소되는 경향을 보였다. 초장의 경우 복비의 무처리시 거의 잔디의 초장이 신장하지 않았으며, 오히려 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 반면, 잔디의 피해지역에 복비를 처리할 경우 잔디의 빠른 생장이 이루어졌다. 신초 건물중은 복비 처리전 8월 6일에 비하여 11월 6일에 이스트밸리 LD지역의 무처리구가 $1.2\%$감소하였지만 처리구는 $50\%$정도가 증가하였다. 지산의 시험 결과도 이스트밸리와 유사하였다. 신초와 뿌리의 비율(S/R)은 처리구의 경우 뿌리보다 신초의 건물중이 더 증가하였지만, 무처리구의 경우 뿌리와 신초의 생장율이 거의 비슷하였다. 포복경과 지하경의 건물중을 합한 R&S의 건물중을 조사한 결과, 이스트밸리의 경우 복비를 처리하기 전 8월6일에 무처리구인 LD지역이 처리구인 LD지역에 비하여 $5.5\%$정도가 적었지만 복비를 처리한 후엔 오히려 처리구의 LD지역이 $48\%$로 증가하였다. 지산의 결과 역시 이스트밸리와 유사하였다. 4. 이상의 결과들로 알 수 있는 것은 수목 근부에 생장하고 있는 잔디의 피해 요인들은 여러 가지가 있지만, 골프장내 수목의 밀생 지역이 아닌 경우에는 광에 의한 피해보다는 오히려 양분과 수분의 경쟁에 의한 피해 발생 비율이 크다. 따라서 이들 잔디의 피해 지역에 복비를 처리함으로서 무처리 지역에 비하여 상당히 많은 효과를 보았기 때문에 수목 근부에서 생장하는 잔디의 집중관리 체계로 보다 효율적인

• 한국통신학회논문지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.425-438
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• 1993

기존의 논리 프로그램을 병렬로 실행하는 방법들은 병렬화의 제약이 되었던 공유 변수들의 생산변수-사용변수의 의존관계로 인해 서술적인 표현력이 강한 논리 언어에 잠재된 병렬성을 살리지 못했다. 이 논문에서는 공유 변수의 의존 관계를 제거하기 위해 논리 프로그램의 실행을 증명 나무의 생성 단계와 사실을 처리하는 두 단계로 분리하는 방법을 제시한다. 첫단계에서는 변수마다 유일한 번호를 붙여 증명 나무에 생성되는 연구들을 변수 수열로 차별화하고, 사실 처리시 각 변수의 값을 차별화된 변수로 구하여 증명 나무의 성공 여부를 확인할 수 있다. 따라서, 생산 변수가 값을 생산한 후 사용 변수가 있는 술어의 처리가 가능했던 기존의 병렬 처리 방식보다 더 높은 병렬성을 이룰 수 있다.

• 한국공작기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국공작기계학회 2004년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.439-444
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• 2004

A new efficient intelligent machining strategy named the Steepest Directed Tree method is presented in this study, which makes surface model discrete with triangulation meshes and the cutter paths track along the tree directions. In order to formulate these algorithms practically, it is deduced the multi-stage machining approach of uncut volume caused by cutter gouging in the course of milling using flat end mill. It is systematized the checking process the cutter interference by grouping the 6 kinds of gouging types, which yields the environment of connectivity data lists including CL-data, and then the multi-stage machining strategy, that minimizes uncut area by continuously sequencing the generative subsequent CL-paths, is shamed to determine the second tool path for the next uncut area and to compose the operating multi-stage cutting processes. The completed machining system of curved surfaces is evaluated by testing the practical machining experiments which have various kinds of shape conditions.

• 산업경영시스템학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2008

This paper proposes a methodology to measure the risk level in real-time for Business Activity Monitoring (BAM). A decision-tree methodology was employed to analyze the effect of process attributes on the result of the process execution. In the course of process execution, the level of risk is monitored in real-time, and an early warning can be issued depending on the change of the risk level. An algorithm for estimating the risk of ongoing processes in real-time was formulated. Comparison experiments were conducted to demonstrate the effectiveness of our method. The proposed method detects the risks of business processes more precisely and even earlier than existing approaches.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제31권9호
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• pp.735-741
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• 2022

Global warming affects forests and their ecology. Diversity in the forest is a buffer that reduces the damage due to global warming. Mixed forests are ecologically more valuable as versatile habitats and are effective in preventing landslides. In Korea, most forests were created by simple afforestation with trees of evergreen species. Typically, evergreen trees are shallow-rooted, and deciduous trees are deep-rooted. Mixed forest tree roots grip the soil effectively, which reduces the occurrence of landslides. Therefore, improving the distribution of tree types is essential to reduce damage due to global warming. For this improvement, the investigation of tree types of the forest is needed. However, determining the tree type distribution of forests that are spread over wide areas is labor-intensive and time-consuming. This study suggests effective methods for determining the distribution of tree types in a forest that is spread across a relatively wide area. Using normalized difference vegetation index and RGB images from unmanned aerial vehicles, each evergreen and deciduous tree, and grassland area can be distinguished. The distinguished image determines the distribution of tree type. This method is effective compared to directly determining the tree type distribution in the forest by the use of manpower. The data from these methods could be applied to plan a mixed forest or to prepare for future damage due to global warming.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.75-86
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• 2004

This study aims to figure out ecological characteristic of natural forests focusing on vegetation as a way of ecological renovation for the restoration of naturalness for golf courses that were constructed in the Country and to present vegetation models and appropriate tree species for the purpose. The study site is P golf club, which is located in Gapyong-gun, Kyeonggi Province. The site is within a forest where the grade from the natural ecology map is the first one and the level from the green index accounts for the eight, thus showing a typical environment for a golf course in terms of location. The location of the site explains a reason for restoration. The major substance of the study is to conduct ecological evaluation of vegetation structures around and inside the golf course and to present a vegetation model. In order to evaluate the ecological characteristics of the vegetation structures, the analysis of the study covered succession stages, multi-layer vegetation structures and species diversity. Plant communities that have high species diversity were selected for the vegetation model and proper density and species were proposed considering the number of species and individuals and distances between trees. The vegetation restoration model targets succession into an oak forest. Within a unit of 100 $m^2$, the recommended model include a tall-tree layer with 11 trees such as Quercus serrata and Quercus mongolica, a sub-tall-tree layer with 12 trees including Quercus mongolica, Quercus serrata, Prunus sargentii, Fraxinus rhynchophylla and Acer pseudo sieboldianum, a shrub layer with 32 trees from 16 species, and a grass layer with a cover rate of 45 %. The proposed vegetation restoration model needs to apply to : 1) damaged natural forests by the construction of golf courses; 2) boundaries between golf courses and surrounding forests; 3) buffer zones; 4) open spaces in between courses; and 5) areas between greens and tees where open spaces are available in a mass. In conclusion, one of the most important factors in presenting a vegetation model for the restoration of naturalness in the golf course and other damaged forests is to provide multi-layer vegetation structures that are composed of native species. As for the specific application for the site, it is recommended to manage the vegetation in such a way that the environment of the site can have a similar environment to the surrounding forest which is expected to succeed into an oaks-dominant one.

• 대한통합의학회지
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.13-22
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of the research is that get a cut above clinical practice effect through satisfaction of clinical training, practical training, content, oversight of training and evaluation system. Clinical training consists of part of university in Gwang Ju and Jeon nam. Method : The target of training student was studying at physiotherapy a tree or four-year-course collage in Gwang ju and Jean nam. Data collection period is from 21 November 2012 to 1 February. We explained how to do a means of collecting data and get students consent fill in questionnaire. Data collection prossed by using spss 10.1 program also independent proofs, descriptive statistics, crosstabulation, regression analysis and frequency analysis. Results : The subjects average age is 24 in general characteristic. A school system of subjects was a tree-year-course students. They were 58people(39.1%). A school system of subjects was a four-year-course students. They were 90people(60.9%).The male was 72(48.6%) and the female was 76(51.4%). We researched to know about satisfaction of clinical training, practical training, content, environment of practical establishment, trainee manage and evaluation method. All-round satisfaction of clinical training average was 1.90 Satisfaction of clinical training period and content average was 1.83Satisfaction of environment of practical establishment average was 1.88 Satisfaction of clinical training establishments' trainee manage and evaluation average was 1.94 Conclusion : It is important that student can get specific their future and can do at clinical throught clinical training after their graduation improving satisfaction of clinical training would give to impact a physical therapist reserve.