• 한국지반공학회논문집
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• 제30권6호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2014

국내 토사 사면 불안정성의 일반적인 형태는 얕은 사면파괴와 토석류로 구분할 수 있다. 일반적으로 이러한 사면파괴는 장기간의 기후변화 영향에 의해 강우강도 및 지속시간에 의존성이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구는 전국 58개 기상관측소에서 최근 38년간 강우 관측 자료를 정량적(지속 시간별 최대강우강도로 분류)으로 이용하여 강우로 발생하는 자연사면의 안정성과 철도나 고속도로와 같은 수직하중이 재하되고 있는 토목섬유로 보강된 성토사면의 불안정성을 평가하고자 한다. 강우패턴에 따른 무한사면과 토목섬유 보강된 유한사면 안정해석은 1973년부터 2010년까지의 기간을 대략 10년 단위로 나누어 관측소별 지속시간에 따른 최대강우량을 산정하여 수행하였다. 기상관측소에서 최대강우강도를 사용하여 불포화 침투해석을 수행하여, 산사태 위험도를 10년 단위별 4단계에 걸쳐 등고선 지도로 나타내었다. 비록 지반조건을 화강풍화토의 평균적인 강도정수와 일반적인 경사로 일정하게 가정하였지만, 장기간 기상관측자료를 토대로 기후 변화에 따른 사면의 불안정성을 예측할 수 있었으며, 기상변화의 경향을 대비할 수 있는 지반구조물의 적절한 설계도움이 되리라 판단된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.743-752
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• 2009

One of the major problems associated with operation of domestic sewer lines involves hydraulic problems such as insufficient conveyance capacity, exceeding maximum velocity, and deficiency of minimum velocity. It has also been pointed out that influent concentration lower than design concentration of pollutants, which is mainly caused by unidentified inflow and infiltration, degrades the operational efficiency of many sewage treatment plants (STPs). A computer-added analysis method supporting a coupled simulation of sewage quality and quantity is essentially required to evaluate the status of existing STPs and to improve their efficiency by a proper sewer rehabilitation work. In this study, dynamic water quality simulations were conducted using MOUSE TRAP to investigate the principal parameters that governs the changes of BOD, ${NH_4}^+$, and ${PO_4}^{3-}$3- concentrations within the sewer networks based on data acquired through on-site and laboratory measurements. The BOD, ${NH_4}^+$ and ${PO_4}^{3-}$3- concentrations estimated by MOUSE TRAP was lower than theoretical pollution loads because of sedimentation and decomposition in the sewer. The results revealed that sedimentation is a most important factor than other biological reactions in decreasing pollutant load in the sewers of C-city. The sensitivity analysis of parameters pertaining to water quality changes indicated that the effect of the BOD decay rate, the initial DO concentration, the half-saturation coefficient of dissolved BOD, and the initial sediment depth is marginal. However, the influence of settling rate and temperature is relatively high because sedimentation and precipitation, rather than biological degradation, are dominant processes that affect water quality in the study sewer systems.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.125-140
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• 2015

In this paper, we present the results of the wear analysis of journal bearings on a stripped-down single-cylinder engine during start-up and coast-down by motoring. We calculate journal bearing wear by using a modified specific wear rate considering the fractional film defect coefficient and load-sharing ratio for the asperity portion of a mixed elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) regime coupled with previously presented graphical data of experimental lifetime linear wear in radial journal bearings. Based on the calculated wear depth, we obtain a new oil film thickness for every crank angle. By examination of the oil film thickness, we determine whether the oil film thickness at the wear scar region is in a mixed lubrication regime by comparing dimensionless oil film thickness, h/σ, to 3.0 at every crank angle. We present the lift-off speed and the crank angles involved with the wear calculation for bearings #1 and #2. The dimensionless oil film thickness, h/σ, illustrates whether the lubrication region between the two surfaces is still within the bounds of the mixed lubrication regime after scarring of the surface by wear. In addition, we present in tables the asperity contact pressure, the real minimum film thickness at the wear scar region, the modified specific wear rate, and the wear angle, α, for bearings #1 & #2. To show the real shape of the oil film at wear scar region, we depict the actual oil film thickness in graphs. We also tabulated the ranges of bearing angles related with wear scar. We present the wear volume for bearings #1 and #2 after one turn-on and turn-off of the engine ignition switch for five kinds of equivalent surface roughness. We show that the accumulated wear volume after a single turn-on and turn-off of an ignition switch normally increases with increasing surface roughness, with a few exceptions.

• International Journal of Fluid Machinery and Systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.392-399
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• 2009

The paper concerns the description of the step by step development process of the new fixed blade runner called "Mixer" suitable for the uprating of the Francis turbines units installed at the older low head hydropower plants. In the paper the details of hydraulic and mechanical design are presented. Since the rotational speed of the new runner is significantly higher then the rotational speed of the original Francis one, the direct coupling of the turbine to the generator can be applied. The maximum efficiency at prescribed operational point was reached by the geometry optimization of two most important components. In the first step the optimization of the draft tube geometry was carried out. The condition for the draft tube geometry optimization was to design the new geometry of the draft tube within the original bad draft tube shape without any extensive civil works. The runner blade geometry optimization was carried out on the runner coupled with the draft tube domain. The blade geometry of the runner was optimized using automatic direct search optimization procedure. The method used for the objective function minimum search is a kind of the Nelder-Mead simplex method. The objective function concerns efficiency, required net head and cavitation features. After successful hydraulic design the modal and stress analysis was carried out on the prototype scale runner. The static pressure distribution from flow simulation was used as a load condition. The modal analysis in air and in water was carried out and the results were compared. The final runner was manufactured in model scale and it is going to be tested in hydraulic laboratory. Since the turbine with the fixed blade runner does not allow double regulation like in case of full Kaplan turbine, it can be profitably used mainly at power plants with smaller changes of operational conditions or in case with more units installed. The advantages are simple manufacturing, installation and therefore lower expenses and short delivery time for turbine uprating.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제55권8호
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• pp.3017-3029
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• 2023

In the late in-vessel phase of a nuclear reactor severe accident, the internal heat transfer and crust evolution during the debris bed melting process have important effects on the thermal load distribution along the vessel wall, and further affect the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) failure mode and the state of melt during leakage. This study coupled the phase change model and large eddy simulation to investigate the variations of the temperature, melt liquid fraction, crust and heat flux distributions during the debris bed melting process in the hypothetical severe accident of HPR1000. The results indicated that the heat flow towards the vessel wall and upper surface were similar at the beginning stage of debris melting, but the upward heat flow increased significantly as the development of the molten pool. The maximum heat flux towards the vessel wall reached 0.4 MW/m². The thickness of lower crust decreased as the debris melting. It was much thicker at the bottom region with the azimuthal angle below 20° and decreased rapidly at the azimuthal angle around 20-50°. The maximum and minimum thicknesses were 2 and 90 mm, respectively. By contrast, the distribution of upper crust was uniform and reached stable state much earlier than the lower crust, with the thickness of about 10 mm. Moreover, the sensitivity analysis of initial condition indicated that as the decrease of time interval from reactor scram to debris bed dried-out, the maximum debris temperature and melt fraction became larger, the lower crust thickness became thinner, but the upper crust had no significant change. The sensitivity analysis of in-vessel retention (IVR) strategies indicated that the passive and active external reactor vessel cooling (ERVC) had little effect on the internal heat transfer and crust evolution. In the case not considering the internal reactor vessel cooling (IRVC), the upper crust was not obvious.

• 한국전산구조공학회논문집
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.109-117
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• 2022

기존 화석 연료의 고갈 및 환경오염의 문제와 대용량 발전을 위하여 해양환경 및 자원을 이용한 친환경에너지 발전에 대한 연구 및 개발이 증가하고 있으며, 이 중 높은 발전 효율을 가진 해상태양광 발전에 대한 연구가 크게 증가하고 있다. 환경하중이 비교적 약한 내수조건과 달리, 환경하중이 강한 해양에서의 태양광 발전을 위해서는 더 강한 강성의 구조재를 사용해야 한다. 하지만, 구조재의 생산 가능성, 무게를 포함한 구조물 특성 및 경제적 효율성 등의 제약조건이 발생할 수 있다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 부유식 방파제를 설치함으로써 태양광구조물에 작용하는 파랑하중을 감소시켜 구조재의 강성 강화를 최소화하고자 하였다. 부유식 방파제의 크기 및 구조물로부터의 거리를 변화하여 이에 따른 파랑하중 및 구조재 응력의 감소 정도를 확인하였다. 다수 부력체의 상호간섭을 고려한 파랑하중의 경우, 고차경계요소법(Higher-Order Boundary Element Emthod)을 이용해 산정하였으며, 구조재에 작용하는 응력은 유한요소법(Finite Element Method)을 통해 평가하였다. 각 조건에서의 최대응력을 분석 및 비교함으로써 해상태양광 발전 시스템에 대한 부유식 방파제의 영향을 확인하였으며, 부유식 방파제의 크기가 파랑하중 및 구조재 응력 감소에 큰 영향을 미침을 확인하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.597-604
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• 2010

본 논문에서는 모바일하버의 하역 시스템으로 특화되어 개발한 제로 모멘트 크레인에 적용되는 조인트를 설계하고자 한다. 해당 조인트는 제로 모멘트 포인트의 개념에 기반하여 제로 모멘트 크레인을 안정화시키는데 중요한 역할을 수행한다. 이 목적을 위해서는 크고 다양한 형태의 하중을 견딜 수 있으며, 또한 2 방향의 자유도를 허용할 수 있어야 한다. 통상적인 설계 과정을 거쳐, 유니버셜 조인트와 스피리컬 조인트를 결합한 후 가변형 구름 요소를 적용한 새 디자인을 제안하였다. 구름 요소는 하중을 분산시키며 하역 과정 동안의 동력 손실을 줄여준다. 시스템의 복잡성과 최적화 과정의 효율성을 고려하여, 크리깅 기반 근사 최적화 기법을 선정하였다. 설계된 조인트를 검증하기 위해, 구조 해석을 수행하고, 축소 시제품을 제작하였다.

• 한국항공우주학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.67-74
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 18절점 가정 변형률 솔리드 요소를 이용하여, 기계적 물리량과 전기적 물리량이 완전히 연성된 정적 문제를 해석할 수 있는 유한요소 정식화 과정을 유도하였다. 요소 결점의 축방향 변위 자유도 외에 전기 자유도를 추가하여 주어진 변위와 하중에 의해 발생하는 유도전압을 계산할 수 있다. 또한 가정 변형률 요소를 사용함으로써 박판형 구조물을 모델할 때 발생할 수 있는 잠김현상을 해소하였다. 유도된 유한요소 정식을 바탕으로 프로그램을 작성하였으며, 몇가지 수치예제에 적용하여 작성된 코드를 검증하였다. 본 요소를 이용하여, 여러 가지 변수가 THUNDER의 작동변위에 미치는 영향을 분석하였다. 이를 통하여, 특정한 재료와 곡률을 갖출 경우 THUNDER의 작동성능이 향상됨을 확인하였다.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.533-539
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• 2010

Ni-YSZ supported button cells were prepared by spray-coating YSZ and screen-printing YSZ-LSM powder as an electrolyte and oxygen electrode on Ni-YSZ cermet disks. In order to identify the polarization loss mechanism in high temperature electrolysis current-voltage characteristics coupled with electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were investigated as a function of temperature, current load, and the humidity. The effects of the different current collectors of platinum and silver for oxygen electrodes were compared. With Ag current collector two polarization losses were distinguished. The high frequency component was attributed to the Ni-YSZ cermet which was less susceptible to temperature variation but increasing in loss with humidity. The lower frequency component was attributed to the LSM electrode. Platinum current collector led to a much lower polarization loss.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.279-290
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• 2004

이 논문은 I-단면 곡선강지보 (curved steel rib)의 등분포 하중 하에서, 비틀림 (warping)을 포함한, 외평면 (out-of-plane)의 안정성을 해석하였다. 미분구적법 (differential quadrature method, DQM)을 이용하여 다양한 경계조건, 굽힘각 (opening angles)과 강성매개변수 (stiffness parameter)에 따른 임계하중 (critical loads) 및 임계하중 매개변수 (dimensionless buckling parameter)를 계산하였고, Differential quadrature method (DQM)의 해석결과를 타 이론과 비교 분석 하였다. 또한 두 경계조건 (고정-고정, 고정-단순지지)하에서의 새로운 결과를 제시하였고, DQM을 이용한 곡선강지보의 좌굴해석은, 비교적 적은 요소 (grid points)를 사용하고도, 타 이론에 의한 해석적 결과에 비해 정확성과 안정성을 보여주었다.