• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.110-119
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• 2003

The purpose of the present study was to kinetically investigate the carrier-mediated uptake in the hepatic transport of organic anions, and to simulate the ″in vivo counter-transport″ phenomena, using kinetic model which was developed in this study. The condition that the mobility of carrier-ligand complex is greater than that of free carrier is not essential for the occurrence of ″counter-transport″ phenomenon. To examine the inhibitory effects on the initial uptake of a ligand by the liver, it is necessary to judge whether the true counter-transport mechanism (trans-stimulation) is working or not. The initial plasma disappearance curves of a organic anion were then kinetically analyzed based on a flow model, in which the ligand is eliminated only from the peripheral compartment (liver compartment). Moreover, ″in vive counter-transport″ phenomena were simulated based on the perfusion model which incorporated the carrier-mediated transport and the saturable intracellular binding. The ″in vivo counter-transport″ phenomena in the hepatic transport of a organic anion were well demonstrated by incorporating the carrier-mediated process. However, the ″in vivo counter-transport″ phenomena may be also explained by the enhancement of back diffusion due to the displacement of intracellular binding. In conclusion, one should be more cautious in interpreting data obtained from so-called ″in vivo counter-transport″ experiments.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2004.10a
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• pp.1232-1235
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• 2004

The purpose of this study is to design electrical stimulation system for pharyngeal dysfunction(dysphagia) in stroke patients. Pharyngeal muscle group activity is important, because contracting muscles provide the driving force at the initiation of the swallow and generate the pressure gradients necessary for bolus movement into the esophagus. Although we have many treatment methods for dysphagia, electrical stimulation system will be useful for stroke patients having dysphagia. Electrical stimulation can be divided into the body stimulation and electrodes. The body stimulation is divided again into frequency counter, time control and current measurement part. These parts are to control the current intensity, frequency and stimulating time. And they can be variable according to the patient's clinical assessment. The electrode plays a role to deliver the current from the system to the muscle. Also the position of the electrode can be variable according to the treatment method. We performed the clinical experiment with the stroke patient who has swallowing disorder. The videofluoroscopy was used for the observation. From the result of clinical experiment based on electrical stimulation, we expected that the dysfunction(in pharynx) level of the patient can be improved. However we could not have enough effectiveness of the treatment because of the number of patients, patient's adaptation and treatment period. We will design the optimized electrical stimulation system based on enough clinical experiment in the future.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.357-365
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• 2020

Background: To evaluate the effectiveness of vibration as a counter-stimulatory measure in reducing subjective pain due to local anesthesia administration in children. Methods: Electronic databases (PubMed, Ovid SP, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials) were searched until April 2020. Studies were screened by titles and abstracts, followed by full text evaluation of the included studies. Results: A total of seven studies involving 376 children aged 5-17 years were included in the systematic review and meta-analysis. The meta-analysis compared vibration as a counter-stimulatory measure with no vibration as a comparator. The primary outcome evaluated was pain perception or subjective pain reported by the child. The secondary outcome evaluated was objective pain evaluated in each study. The pooled mean difference favored vibration to be effective for the first outcome. Conclusion: Within the limits of this systematic review, low quality evidence suggests that vibration as a counter-stimulatory measure is effective in reducing the subjective pain reported by children during local anesthesia administration.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.277-288
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• 2019

Background: This study evaluated the efficacy of virtual reality (VR) distraction and counter-stimulation (CS) on dental anxiety and pain perception to local anesthesia in children. Methods: A prospective, randomized, single-blinded interventional clinical trial with a parallel design was used. Seventy children 7-11 years old who required local anesthesia (LA) for pulp therapy or tooth extraction were recruited and allocated to two groups with equal distribution based on the intervention. Group CS (n = 35) received CS and Group VR (n = 35) received VR distraction with ANTVR glasses. Anxiety levels (using pulse rate) were evaluated before, during, and after administration of local anesthesia, while pain perception was assessed immediately after the injection. Wong-Baker faces pain-rating scale (WBFPS), visual analog scale (VAS), and Venham's clinical anxiety rating scale (VCARS) were used for pain evaluation. Student's t-test was used to test the mean difference between groups, and repeated measures ANOVA was used to test the mean difference of pulse rates. Results: Significant differences in mean pulse rates were observed in both groups, while children in the VR group had a higher reduction (P < 0.05), and the mean VCARS scores were significant in the VR group (P < 0.05). Mean WBFPS scores showed less pain perception to LA needle prick in the CS group while the same change was observed in the VR group with VAS scores. Conclusions: VR distraction is better than CS for reducing anxiety to injection in children undergoing extraction and pulpectomy.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.22 no.7 s.172
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• pp.185-190
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• 2005

The purpose of this study is to design electrical stimulation system fur stroke patients with pharyngeal dysfunction(dysphagia). Dysphagia is that the food has trouble in passing to the mouth from the stomach. Although we have many treatment methods for dysphagia, electrical stimulation system will be useful for stroke patients having dysphagia. Electrical stimulation system can be divided into body and electrodes. The body stimulation is composed to frequency counter, time control and current measurement part. These parts are to control the frequency, stimulating time and current intensity And they can be variable according to the patient's clinical assessment. The electrode plays a role to deliver the current from the system to the muscle. Also the position of the electrode can be variable according to the treatment method. We performed the clinical experiment with stroke patients who had swallowing disorder. The videofluoroscopy was used fur the observation. From the result of clinical experiment based on electrical stimulation, we expected that the dysfunction(in pharynx) level of the patient could be improved. However we could not have enough effectiveness of the treatment because of the number of patients, patient's adaptation and treatment period. We will design the optimized electrical stimulation system based on enough clinical experiment in the future.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.275-283
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• 2005

The purpose of the present study was to kinetically investigate the carrier-mediated uptake in the hepatic transport of organic anions, and to simulate the 'in vivo counter-transport' phenomena, using kinetic model which was developed in this study. The condition that the mobility of carrier-ligand complex is greater than that of free carrier is not essential for the occurrence of 'counter-transport' phenomenon. To examine the inhibitory effects on the initial uptake of organic anions by the liver, it is necessary to judge whether the true counter-transport mechanism (trans-stimulation) is working or not. Effects of bromophenol blue (BPB) or bromosulfophthalein (BSP) on the plasma disappearance curves of a 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) were then kinetically analyzed based on a flow model, in which the ligand is eliminated only from the peripheral compartment (liver compartment). Moreover, 'in vivo counter-transport' phenomena were simulated based on the perfusion model which incorporated the carrier-mediated transport and the saturable intracellular binding. The 'in vivo counter-transport' phenomena in the hepatic transport of a organic anions were well demonstrated by incorporating the carrier-mediated process. However, the 'in vivo counter-transport' phenomena may be also explained by the enhancement of back diffusion due to the displacement of intracellular binding. In conclusion, one should be more cautious in interpreting data obtained from so-called 'in vivo counter-transport' experiments.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.289-300
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• 1992

The counter-transport phenomena in the hepatic transport of 1-anilino-8-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS) were kinetically investigated by analyzing the plasma disappearance-time profiles and the transport into the isolated hepatocytes. In vivo "counter transport phenomena" were simulated based on the perfusion model which incorporated the carrier-mediated transport and the saturable intracellular binding. The condition that the mobility of carrier-ligand complex is greater than that of free carrier is not essential for the occurrence of counter-transport phenomenon. To examine the inhibitory effects on the initial uptake of a ligand by the liver, it is necessary to judge whether the true counter-transport mechanism (trans-stimulation) is working or not. The initial plasma disappearance curves of ANS were then kinetically analyzed based on a two-compartment model, in which the ligand is eliminated only from the peripheral compartment (liver compartment). No effects on the initial plasma disappearance rates of ANS were observed after preloading of bromophenol blue (BPB) or rose bengal (RB) in the liver. Inhibitory effect of BPB or RB on the initial uptake (or efflux) rates of ANS by the isolated hepatocytes were not observed, suggesting that the true counter transport mechanism is not working. In conclusion, checking the preloading effects of transstimulation on the initial uptake of a ligand by the liver could be a useful criterion for carrier cycling and common use of the same carrier between two ligands. However, one cannot exclude those possibilities even if the preloading effects cannot be observed.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.110-113
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• 2001

In controlling chronic intractable pains, the current therapeutic methods used are exercise, over the counter medication, cognitive-behavioral therapy, opioid medication, neural blockade, operation, etc., spinal cord stimulation being the last resort. Spinal cord stimulation was initiated when Shearly and others clinically tested the Gate control theory of Melzack and Wall. This had triggered the advancement of theoretic research on the mechanism and hardware necessary and has resulted in an accumulation of clinical experiences. This is known to be effective for treating sympathetic pain, arachnoiditis, failed back pain syndrome, radiculopathy, peripheral vascular disease, phantom limb syndrome, post-herpetic neuralgia, peripheral neuropathy, and angina pectoris. This report describes our experience in experimental spinal cord stimulation in patients with simultaneous post-herpetic neuralgia and herniated intervertebral disc. There wasn't any improvement in the post-herpetic neuralgia but the symptoms of a herniated intervertebral disc was much ameliorated. This was quite an unexpected result. The patient's back pain returned when the stimulation stopped.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 1989

Pain is a common and important clinical symptom, and treatments aimed at relieving pain have a central position in medical practice. Recently Transcutaneous Electrical Nerve Stimulation (TENS) has been effectively used to control acute and chronic conditions that produce pain. But the mechanism of analgesia resulting from TENS remains obscure. In order to investigate the analgesic effect of TENS and it's action mechanism, TENS was applied in 40 rabbits with different frequencies, low frequency (2Hz) and high frequency (100Hz), for 20 minutes. And the pain threshold was measured by the temperature before and after stimulation, and an attempt was made to antagonize the stimulation effect with naloxone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg) The results are as follows: 1) Both low frequency and high frequency TENS resulted in increasing the pain threshold significantly (Both p<0.01). 2) Naloxone pretreatment could antagonize the effect of increasing the pain threshold with low frequency TENS significantly (p<0.01), but not with high frequency TENS. Plasma beta-endorphin was measured by radioimmunoassay using an Beta-Endorphin Kit (Immunonuclear Corporation, Stillwater, Minnesota, USA) and Automatic Gamma Scintillation Counter (Micromedic System 4/2000) before and after stimulation. An attempt was made to reverse the stimulation effect with naloxone pretreatment (0.4 mg/kg). The results are as follows: 1) Low frequency TENS resulted in increasing the level of plasma beta.endorphin significantly (p<0.01), but high frequency TENS did not. 2) Naloxone pretreatment could reverse the effect of increasing the plasma beta-endorphin level with low frequency TENS significantly (p<0.01).

• BMB Reports
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.623-628
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• 2002

The Th1 vs. Th2 balance is critical for the maintenance of immune homeostasis. Therefore, the genes that are selectively-regulated by the Th1 and Th2 cytokines are likely to play an important role in the Th1 and Th2 immune responses. In order to search for and identify the novel target genes that are differentially regulated by the Th1/Th2 cytokines, the human PBMC mRNAs differentially expressed upon the stimulation with IL-4 or IL-12, were screened by employing the differential display-polymerase chain reaction. Among a number of clones selected, DC21 was identified as a novel target gene that is regulated by IL-4 and IL-12. The DC21 gene expression was up-regulated either by IL-4 or IL-12, yet counter-regulated by co-treatment with IL-4 and IL-12. DC21 is a dendritic cell protein with an unknown function. The sequence analysis and conserved-domain search revealed that it has two AU-rich motifs in the 3'UTR, which is a target site for the regulation of mRNA stability by cytokines, and that it belongs to the N-acetyltransferase family. The induction of DC21 by IL-12 peaked around 8-12 h, and lasted until 24 h. LY294002 and SB203580 significantly suppressed the IL-12-induced DC21 gene expression, which implies that PI3K and p38/JNK are involved in the IL-12 signal transduction pathway that leads to the DC21 expression. Furthermore, tissue blot data indicated that DC21 is highly expressed in tissues with specialized-resident macrophages, such as the lung, liver, kidney, and placenta. Together, these data suggest a possible role for DC21 in the differentiation and maturation of dendritic cells regulated by IL-4 and IL-12.