• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.81 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2018

Background: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a serious chronic condition with a global impact. Symptoms of COPD include progressive dyspnea, breathlessness, cough, and sputum production, which have a considerable impact on the lives of patients. In addition to the human cost of living with COPD and the resulting death, COPD entails a huge economic burden on the Chinese population, with patients spending up to one-third of the average family income on COPD management in some regions is clinically beneficial to adopt preventable measures via prudent COPD care utilization, monetary costs, and hospitalizations. Methods: Toward this end, this study compared the relative effectiveness of six indices in predicting patient healthcare utilization, cost of care, and patient health outcome. The six assessment systems evaluated included the three multidimensional Body mass index, Obstruction, Dyspnea, Exercise capacity index, Dyspnea, Obstruction, Smoking, Exacerbation (DOSE) index, and COPD Assessment Test index, or the unidimensional measures that best predict the future of patient healthcare utilization, cost of care, and patient health outcome among Chinese COPD patients. Results: Multiple linear regression models were created for each healthcare utilization, cost, and outcome including a single COPD index and the same group of demographic variables for each of the outcomes. Conclusion: We conclude that the DOSE index facilitates the prediction of patient healthcare utilization, disease expenditure, and negative clinical outcomes. Our study indicates that the DOSE index has a potential role beyond clinical predictions.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartC
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• v.13C no.1 s.104
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• pp.63-68
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• 2006

Cyber Attacks have increased damages constantly in all over the world for several years. A survey said the cost caused by Cyber Attacks had increased 225 times from 1996 to 2003. It is very difficult to calculate the cost by the Attacks exactly but the calculating the cost of cyber attacks would be great helpful for a company to decide how much budget to spend to Information Security. In this research we could reach the conclusion : the cyber attacks has decreased the stock price of the companies, especially pure internet companies. But the stock market has not greatly impacted by the types of Cyber Attacks. Korean stock market also impacted by the Internet Destruction Accident happened Jan. 25. 2003. On the basis of this study we will recommend a policy or a regulation which force board of directors and officers of a company to have information security liability.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.721-733
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• 2023

As the frequency of extreme rainfall events increase due to climate change, climate change adaptation measures have been proposed by the central and local governments. In order to reduce flood damage in urban areas, various flood response policies, such as low impact development techniques and enhancement of the capacity of rainwater drainage networks, have been proposed. When these policies are established, regional characteristics and policy-effectiveness from the cost-benefit perspective must be considered for the flood mitigation measures. In this study, capacity enhancement of rainwater pipe networks and low impact development techniques including green roof and permeable pavement techniques are selected. And the flood reduction effect of the target watershed, Gwanak campus of Seoul National University, was analyzed using SWMM model which is an urban runoff simulation model. In addition, along with the quantified urban flooding reduction outputs, construction and operation costs for various policy scenarios were calculated so that cost-benefit analyses were conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the applied policy scenarios. As a result of cost-benefit analysis, a policy that adopts both permeable pavement and rainwater pipe expansion was selected as the best cost-effective scenario for flood mitigation. The research methodology, proposed in this study, is expected to be utilized for decision-making in the planning stage for flood mitigation measures for each region.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.7
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• pp.149-158
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the impact of corporate governance index on the cost of equity in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. This study collects data from 975 observations during the period 2012 to 2018 to test the hypotheses using multiple linear regression model for the panel data. In this research, the independent variable of corporate governance index comprises of 27 specific corporate governance attributes. The results of hypothesis testing showed that corporate governance has a negative and significant effect on the rate of capital cost. In other words, the quality of corporate governance can lower the rate of capital cost. This result suggests that, by using a powerful corporate governance system and by declining the information asymmetry (increasing transparency) and agency conflict, we would be able to enhance the quality of financial reports. It would strengthen the capital market, attract financial suppliers and investors, and absorb the required financial resources of the firm by a lower rate. The findings of the study suggest that companies are able to reduce the cost of equity by establishing strong corporate governance. This conclusion suggests the importance and effectiveness of corporate governance in the cost of equity.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.119-126
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• 2012

Recently, the breakdown of online banking servers and the leakage of customer information give rise to much concern about the security of information systems in financial and banking companies in Korea. The enforcement of security for information system becomes much more important issue than earlier. However, the security reinforcement of information system is restricted by a budget. In addition, the activities' cost to secure information system from threatening are under uncertain circumstances and should be established by a human decision maker who is basically uncertain and vague. Thus, making the budget for information system is exposed to any extent of the risk for these reasons. First, we introduce brief fuzzy set theory and fuzzy AHP (Analytic Hierarchy Process) methodology. Then, the cost elements that comprise yearly budget are presented and the priorities among the cost elements are calculated by fuzzy AHP. The cost elements that are exposed to risk are evaluated from the both perspectives of the risk impact and risk occurrence possibility which are expressed as linguistic terms. To get information on the risk profiles-pessimistic, most likely, and optimistic-for each cost element, the evaluation is accomplished and the result is presented. At last, the budget ranges-minimum, mode, maximum-for each cost element are estimated with the consideration of the risk profiles.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.3030-3049
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• 2023

With the development and wide application of hybrid network computing modes like cloud computing, edge computing and fog computing, the customer service requests and the collaborative optimization of various computing resources face huge challenges. Considering the characteristics of network environment resources, the optimized deployment of service resources is a feasible solution. So, in this paper, the optimal goals for deploying service resources are customer experience and service cost. The focus is on the system impact of deploying services on load, fault tolerance, service cost, and quality of service (QoS). Therefore, the alternate node filtering algorithm (ANF) and the adjustment factor of cost matrix are proposed in this paper to enhance the system service performance without changing the minimum total service cost, and corresponding theoretical proof has been provided. In addition, for improving the fault tolerance of system, the alternate node preference factor and algorithm (ANP) are presented, which can effectively reduce the probability of data copy loss, based on which an improved cost-efficient replica deployment strategy named ICERD is given. Finally, by simulating the random occurrence of cloud node failures in the experiments and comparing the ICERD strategy with representative strategies, it has been validated that the ICERD strategy proposed in this paper not only effectively reduces customer access latency, meets customers' QoS requests, and improves system service quality, but also maintains the load balancing of the entire system, reduces service cost, enhances system fault tolerance, which further confirm the effectiveness and reliability of the ICERD strategy.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.33-43
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• 2010

The objective of this paper is to analyze expenditure structures and impact factors of household's transportation cost in order to provide policy-maker with quantitative and economic information for reducing household's transportation costs, using 1995-2007 household survey data. For this purpose, this study performed various economic analysis, including econometric regression analysis and income re-distributional effects. The four models were separately estimated with dependent variable (personal and public costs, public transit and private car costs) and independent variables (family, employ, age, education, cars, household income, region dummy variable). In addition, We analyzes impacts of transport policy instruments on the transportation expenditure. These instruments include changes of oil price and public transit fare, reform of public transport system, and extension of subway facilities. Finally, income re-distributional effects before and after transportation expenditure, using Pechman-Okner (PO) index and Wolfson index.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.315-339
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• 2011

As the Korean economy grows, the brand value of Korean companies such as Samsung, LG and Hyundai Motor has been elevated greatly. Compared to the brand value of Korean companies, Korea's national image is very lowly ranked. In addition Korea's national brand is undervalued compared to economic volume. So, the purpose of this study is to find way to enhance the Korea's national brand in Japanese Market through brand credibility. The results as follows. First, this study find that brand credibility is consist of expertise and trustworthiness in Japanese market. Second Korea national image positive impact on brand credibility. Third, brand credibility positive impact on perceived quality and information cost saving. Finally, brand credibility negative impact on perceived risk. In conclusion, all hypothesis are significant. So these results are very useful to Korea government and Korean companies.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.23-42
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• 2014

This study investigates the impact of Internet Banking Systems on the business performance of bank. Although Internet Banking Systems were introduced about 15 years ago in Korea, there were few studies which evidenced the relationship between Internet Banking Systems and the performance of banks. For this empirical investigation, this study collected the panel data of 13 domestic banks over 8.5 years and divided the dataset into two parts-the first half period (2003~2007) and the second half period (2008~2011) in order to examine the dynamic changes in the impact of Internet Banking Systems. The fixed-effects panel regression results were different in the two parts of dataset. Internet Banking Systems showed only cost-efficiency impact in the first half period. However, in the second half period, Internet Banking Systems showed positive impact on the bank profitability. Moreover, the dummy variable regarding local bank showed no additional impact on this result, implying that the impact of Internet Banking Systems was still significant for the local banks. The results will deliver managerial interpretation on the value of Internet Banking Systems and additional implication on the strategic planning of Internet Banking Systems for many domestic banks.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.847-853
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• 2007

In Korean coastal areas, land reclamations are main development projects that should be based on environmental impact assessment(EIA), because those human interventions can change coastlines, damage tidal flats, and pollute adjacent areas to threat seafood safety and devaluate overall ecosystem service value. Existing procedures of the EIA for land reclamation projects were diagnosed and evaluated to enhance them. Problems were identified in the designation of survey areas, the consistency in survey sites and periods, the standardization of survey methods and reports, the confidence of survey results and the verification of predictions. Lack of integration was noticeable and could be improved by synthesizing different assessments from topography geography, marine physics, marine chemistry and marine biology. We suggest that successful precautionary marine environment management requires readjusting the cost of EIA, recruiting experts in marine environment, constructing database and establishing specialized assessment system.