• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers B
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• v.55 no.2
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• pp.61-68
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• 2006

Many researchers have worked for the sensorless control of SynRM in recent years. However they commonly requires large calculations which induced from its complexity. For low cost application as like home appliance, it is difficult to utilize because of the cost problem. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce simplified sensorless control scheme that is composed of least calculation to estimate the rotor position. In this paper the sensorless control is performed using the characteristics of SynRM structure in which the linkage flux varies with rotor position, so the rotor position can be detected by the change of linkage flux. The estimation of linkage flux can be acquired from the integration of the motor terminal voltage which is commonly used method for the reliability of the estimation. However this estimation method has demerits in low speed operation therefore in that region the motor terminal voltage is compensated by the phase current. A digital simulation (MATLAB) and experiment were performed to confirm the adequacy of the proposed control scheme.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Building Construction Conference
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• 2013.05a
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• pp.281-283
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• 2013

In this paper, standing water level control system and a comparison of existing methods (anchor, PDD, DM) and economic analysis was conducted. 1) Cost PDD method (6%), DM system (4%), and the SAL standing water level control system (4%), except for the anchor system is similar to the construction of three methods based on the portion of the anchor system was analyzed that. 2) construction and maintenance costs compared with the sum of the partial was, anchor system (100%), PDD method (39%), DM system (37%), the SAL standing water level control system (21%), the SAL standing water level control system was identified as the lowest cost method of.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.327-335
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• 2018

In order to calculate the quality management cost of construction work, the process must conform to relevant laws and regulations. In details, the cost of the various items such as quality test fee and quality control activity cost are required to be calculated. Regarding the quality management costs, the labor cost is applied to the quality examination fee and the calculation unit quantity in the construction quality management duties. The application of the unit price of the labor cost stipulates that Construction Association of Korea and Korea Engineering & Consulting Association apply the unit price which is surveyed and published. However, in the related laws and regulations, the standard of the quality manager and quality tester is not clear. This accounts for the confusion in the cost of construction management and the cost of labor. In the current law, the allocation standard of quality control personnel is specified according to the size of the construction, but the standard of placement of quality testers is not specified. At the construction site, there is no assignment criteria manpower for quality testers except quality managers, or very little work is being done. The quality control personnel conducts the quality test work to be carried out by the quality tester, and this carrying out heavy work. Therefore, it is difficult to maintain quality control activities. In this study, the labor cost of quality management expenses and the allocation criteria of quality managers and quality testers are established and presented for the purpose of securing the quality of the construction work and preventing the construction work. It is stipulated that the standards of the relevant laws and regulations, which are not clear, should be classified into quality control personnel and quality testers according to the size of the construction. Based on the unit price of Korea Engineering & Consulting Association, the personnel expenses of quality managers and quality testers are proposed to apply the unit price of engineer (professional engineer, specialist, advanced, intermediate, beginner) and skilled technicians (advanced, intermediate, beginner).

• Journal of the Korean Society of Safety
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.158-163
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• 2008

Although prior researches have been investigated the impact of insured cost(direct cost) on employers and employees, little work has attempted to categorize the items of unsecured cost(indirect cost) by accidents. On this basis, the goal of this study was to achieve a better understanding of the nature of accident cost of unsecured cost. Specifically, this study aimed to categorize the unsecured cost items according to the domestic industry circumstances and use these results for a basis of other accident cost related studies. The results of this study are as follows: (1) accident development steps were categorized as twelve items for improved management according to each step of accident development (2) the points of occurrence and termination of the unsecured cost were identified for the improved management according to each step of accident development and (3) characteristics of each item in unsecured cost were studied and identified for a better control of accident costs. These results provide a basis for further researches on the unsecured cost.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• v.3
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• pp.165-179
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• 1997

Cost-volume-profit analysis shows the relationship between these factors. The figures expressed in a break-even chart can be used planning control and decision making. The relation ships can also be helpful in understanding how all costs must be covered in menu pricing. Involved in these relationship is the contribution to overhead and profit, or contribution ratio. This study used the food service operation of H hotel. Assumed the FC would be 10% of the High Volume, the VC would be 76% of the high volume. And in the CVP of individual meals, selected labor cost of the VC, assumed labor cost would be 35% of the volume.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.2533-2540
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• 2013

Background: Although screening is necessary where gastric cancer is particularly common in Asia, the performance outcomes of mass screening programs have remained unclear. This study was conducted to evaluate cost-effectiveness outcomes of the national cancer screening program (NCSP) for gastric cancer in South Korea. Materials and Methods: People aged 40 years or over during 2002-2003 (baseline) were the target population. Screening recipients and patients diagnosed with gastric cancers were identified using the NCSP and Korea Central Cancer Registry databases. Clinical outcomes were measured in terms of mortality and life-years saved (LYS) of gastric cancer patients during 7 years based on merged data from the Korean National Health Insurance Corporation and National Statistical Office. We considered direct, indirect, and productivity-loss costs associated with screening attendance. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) estimates were produced according to screening method, sex, and age group compared to non-screening. Results: The age-adjusted ICER for survival was 260,201,000-371,011,000 Korean Won (KW; 1USD=1,088 KW) for the upper-gastrointestinal (UGI) tract over non-screening. Endoscopy ICERs were lower (119,099,000-178,700,000 KW/survival) than UGI. To increase 1 life-year, additional costs of approximately 14,466,000-15,014,000 KW and 8,817,000-9,755,000 KW were required for UGI and endoscopy, respectively. Endoscopy was the most cost-effective strategy for males and females. With regard to sensitivity analyses varying based on the upper age limit, endoscopy NCSP was dominant for both males and females. For males, an upper limit of age 75 or 80 years could be considered. ICER estimates for LYS indicate that the gastric cancer screening program in Korea is cost-effective. Conclusion: Endoscopy should be recommended as a first-line method in Korea because it is beneficial among the Korean population.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.93-103
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• 2017

PURPOSE: This study aimed to determine the effect of active trunk training in the sitting position on balance and energy consumption in early stroke patients. METHODS: The subjects of this study were twenty four early stroke patients were recruited and randomly divided into two groups; experimental group (n=12) and control group (n=12). The subjects in the experimental group participated in active trunk training (20 min) and conventional physical therapy (20 min) five times a week for four weeks. The control group conducted general balance exercise (20 min) and conventional physical therapy (20 min) five times a week for four weeks. The outcomes were assessed using the Berg balance scale, Timed up and go test and energy cost and physiological cost index. RESULTS: Both groups showed a significant increase in their Berg balance scale and significant decrease in their Timed up and go test score, and energy cost and physiological cost index (p<.05). Compared to the control group, the experimental group experienced a greater increase in the Berg balance scale (p<.05) and a larger decrease in the timed up and go test score, and energy cost and physiological cost index (p<.05). CONCLUSION: We suggest that active trunk training in the sitting position may be effective in improving balance and energy consumption in early stroke patients. Thus, active trunk training is important for such patients. Further studies are needed to better understand the effectiveness of trunk training in early stroke patients.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.1141-1149
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• 2000

This paper proposes new cost error measurement method and analyzes the optimistic and pessimistic cost errors statistically which is resulted from an asynchronous parallel Simulated annealing (SA) in distributed memory multicomputers. The traditional cost error measurement scheme has inherent problems which are corrected in the new method. At each temperature the new method predicts the amount of cost error that an algorithm will tolerate and still converge by the hill-climbing nature of SA. This method also explains three interesting phenomenon of he cost error analytically. So the new cost error measurement method provides a single mechanism for the occurrence of cost error and its control.

• Journal of Korean Society of Industrial and Systems Engineering
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• v.6 no.8
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• pp.93-103
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• 1983

In this paper, we study an optimal service policy of the M/M/2/K queueing system with two types of customers. The incurred costs consist of waiting cost, service cost and incurred costs consist of waiting cost, service cut and changeover cost. The changeover cost occurs when a server who assigned to serve a particular type of customers reassigned to the other types of customers. Two servers serve two types of customers who arrive to the two separate queues. The two types of customers differ in respect of their arrival rate, service rate, waiting cost, and service cost. The servers require a policy, for determining when they should change their service type, which minimizes the long run expected total cost. The policy is obtained by a Markov decision process model that consists of a finite number of states and actions. In order to find the optimal service policy, we define states and actions of the system, compute onestep transition probabilities, and apply to the successive approximations algorithm.

• The Journal of Fisheries Business Administration
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.129-141
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• 2015

Because land based aquaculture is restricted by high investment per rearing volume and control cost, good management planning is important in Land-based aquaculture system case. In this paper master production planning was made to decide the number of rearing, production schedule and efficient allocation of water resources considering biological and economic condition. The purpose of this article is to build the mathematical decision making model that finds the value of decision variable to maximize profit under the constraints. Stocking and harvesting decisions that are made by master production planning are affected by the price system, feed cost, labour cost, power cost and investment cost. To solve the proposed mathematical model, heuristic search algorithm is proposed. The model Input variables are (1) the fish price (2) the fish growth rate (3) critical standing corp (4) labour cost (5) power cost (6) feed coefficient (7) fixed cost. The model outputs are (1) number of rearing fish (2) sales price (3) efficient allocation of water pool.