• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.229-236
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• 2006

The study investigated the hygienic practice attitudes of 500 housewives living in the Seoul area through survey. The suey questionnaire evaluated general information, purchasing behaviors, 4 parts of hygienic practice attitude and the associated factors. The subjects were mostly full-time housewives aged in their $30{\sim}40's$, high school graduates from middle-class families who had been married for $6{\sim}10$ years. The mean score for hygienic practice attitude was 2.9 out of 5 point scale, representing a fairly low hygienic practice attitude except for food preparation area(3.4 pt.). Factors affecting hygienic practice attitude were age, occupation, and marriage term. Practice attitude was positively correlated with age (p<0.01). Full-time housewives had better practice attitude. Housewives with <5 and >26 years of marriage showed inferior practice attitude (p<0.05). In addition, food purchasing behaviors were strongly related to hygienic practice attitude. Housewives gathering hygiene information from mass media maintained a significantly higher practice attitude (p<0.05), and so did the housewives focusing on 'nutrition' and 'freshness' when fish and frozen foods were purchased (p<0.05). In contrast, housewives focusing on cost had a significantly lower practice attitude (p<0.05). In conclusion, the level of hygienic practice attitude of housewives was fairly low and was affected by age, occupation status, marriage term and several aspects of purchasing behaviors. Therefore, it is extremely important to conduct training and education for housewives to improve their hygienic practice attitude and awareness of hygiene.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.207-213
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• 2020

Umbrella Arch Method (UAM) often employed in the tunnel construction under poor rock mass conditions in Korea. Insertion of steel pipes at the periphery of the tunnel and infiltration of grouts along the pipes into the rock masses increases tunnel stability. There are two major effects of grouts expected at the tunnel face: 1) increase of face stability by enhancing the frictional resistance of discontinuities and 2) decrease of permeability along the rock masses. Increase of resistance and decrease of permeability requires a certain curing time for the grout. In Korea, we require 24 hours for curing of grout, which means no progress of excavation for 24 hours after infiltration of grouts. This step delays the tunnel construction sequences. To eliminate such inefficiency, we propose MTG (Method for Tunnel construction using Grouting technology), which uses extended length of steel pipes (14 m) compared to conventional pipe roof method (12 m). The merit of MTG is the reduction of curing time. Because of the approximately 2 m extension of the length of steel pipe, blasting can be done after infiltration of grouting. For this paper, we conducted experiments on the shear strength behaviors of grout infilled rock joint with elapsing of curing time and blasting induced vibration. The results show that blasting induced vibration under MTG does not influence the mechanical features of grout material, which indicates no influence on the mechanical behaviors of grout, contributing to the stability of tunnels during excavation. This result indicates that MTG is a cost effective and fast construction method for tunneling in Korea.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.756-769
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• 2017

Purpose: To identify the effects of a smart program for the patients who underwent percutaneous coronary intervention (SP-PCI) on coronary disease-related knowledge, health behaviors, and quality of life. Methods: A nonequivalent control group with a non-synchronized design was utilized and 48 participants (experimental=22, control=26) were recruited from a university hospital in Gyeongsang area from May to December, 2016. The 12-week SP-PCI consisted of self-study of health information using smart phone applications (1/week), walking exercise (>5/week) using smart band, feedback using Kakao talk (2/week), and telephone counseling (1/week). Patients in the control group received usual care from their primary health care providers and a brief health education with basic self-management brochure after the PCI. Data were analyzed using the SPSS 21.0 program through descriptive statistics, $x^2$ test, and t-test. Results: After the 12-week SP-PCI, the experimental group showed higher levels of coronary disease-related knowledge (t=2.43, p=.019), heart-related health behaviors (t=5.96, p<.001), regular exercise (Z=-4.47, p<.001), and quality of life-MCS (t=3.04, p=.004) and showed lower levels of stress (Z=-3.53, p<.001) and sodium intake (t=-4.43, p<.001) than those in the control group. There were no significant group differences in medication adherence and food intake in total energy, lipids, and cholesterol. Conclusion: The suggested SP-PCI provided easy access and cost-effective intervention for patients after PCI and improved their knowledge of the disease, performance of health behaviors, and quality of life. Further study with a wider population is needed to evaluate the effects of SP-PCI on disease recurrence and quality of life for patients after PCI.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.274-285
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• 2019

Chemical mechanical polishing (CMP), which is a material removal process involving chemical surface reactions and mechanical abrasive action, is an essential manufacturing process for obtaining high-quality semiconductor surfaces with ultrahigh precision features. Recent rapid growth in the industries of digital devices and semiconductors has accelerated the demands for processing of various substrate and film materials. In addition, to solve many issues and challenges related to high integration such as micro-defects, non-uniformity, and post-process cleaning, it has become increasingly necessary to approach and understand the processing mechanisms for various substrate materials and abrasive particle behaviors from a tribological point of view. Based on these backgrounds, we review recent CMP R&D trends in this study. We examine experimental and analytical studies with a focus on substrate materials and abrasive particles. For the reduction of micro-scratch generation, understanding the correlation between friction and the generation mechanism by abrasive particle behaviors is critical. Furthermore, the contact stiffness at the wafer-particle (slurry)-pad interface should be carefully considered. Regarding substrate materials, recent research trends and technologies have been introduced that focus on sapphire (${\alpha}$-alumina, $Al_2O_3$), silicon carbide (SiC), and gallium nitride (GaN), which are used for organic light emitting devices. High-speed processing technology that does not generate surface defects should be developed for low-cost production of various substrates. For this purpose, effective methods for reducing and removing surface residues and deformed layers should be explored through tribological approaches. Finally, we present future challenges and issues related to the CMP process from a tribological perspective.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제10권10호
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• pp.331-336
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• 2019

1인가구주의 종사상지위와 연령에 따라 음주, 흡연 등의 건강행태에 차이가 있는지를 비교하고자 종사상지위 및 연령별로 층화추출하여 조사를 실시하였다(총 566명). 분석결과에 따르면, 음주빈도에서는 연령별 유의적 차이가 발견되었으며(p<0.001), 흡연여부(p<0.001) 및 흡연량(p<0.001)에서도 연령별 유의적 차이가 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 금연 계획에서는 정규직이 다른 집단에 비하여 유의적으로 높게 나타났고(p<0.05), 금연이유에 대해서는 담뱃값 부담 때문이라는 응답이 20대에서 유의적으로 높았다(p<0.001). 전체적으로 볼 때, 음주 및 흡연 등의 건강행태에서는 종사상지위와 같은 사회경제적 특성보다는 연령 등과 같은 개인적 특성이 더 유의적인 영향을 준다고 할 수 있다.

• 한국융합학회논문지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.483-488
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• 2022

경제활동을 하는 1인가구 중 비정규직 및 20대 청년층의 경우 다른 고용형태 및 다른 연령층과 식생활 행태에 차이가 있는지를 비교하고자 1인가구를 고용형태(비정규직, 정규직, 사업자) 및 연령별(20-59세)로 층화 추출하여 월평균수입 및 외식비용, 식생활 등을 조사하여 분석하였다(총 566명). 20대 1인가구는 타 연령에 비하여 월평균수입(p<0.001) 및 외식비용이 낮고, 식생활에 신경쓰지 않는 비율이 높았다(p<0.01). 집에서 요리는 거의 하지 않고(p<0.05), 식품은 주로 편의점에서 구입하는 비율이 더 높게 나타났으며(p<0.001), 이러한 양상은 비정규직에서도 비슷하게 나타났다(p<0.001). 본 연구는 비정규직 및 20대 청년층의 비율이 높은 1인가구의 특성에 맞는 건강 식생활 환경을 위한 기초자료로 활용 가능할 것이다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.768-781
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• 1996

The problem of care of patients and families with Alzheimer's disease has become a conscious raising social policy issue in Korea. The government of the Republic of Korea has become cognizant of the situation and has begun searching for ways to remedy it. Thus, there is a need for a comprehensive under-standing of the situation in which patients and their families are struggling and the enormous problems of care. With a realization of the urgent need, this study was done to investigate the situation and the care needs of families with patients with Alzheimer's Disease, and to compare the effectiveness of services utilized by the families in terms of cost and effects on patient's conditions and on family live. The Subjects for the study were 29 families with hospitalized patients, 25 families utilizing hospital outpatient clinics, 14 families utilizing day care facilities, and 16 families with homebound patients. A total of 84 families were interviewed by four trained interviewers using structured and semistructured questionnaires. The data produced from these interviews included : the patient's stage of Alzheimer's disease, patient's bizarre behavior, hours spent on patient care per day, family burden and quality of life, direct and indirect costs encountered in the care of patients, and the families' evaluation of the effectiveness of the services received. The data were analyzed to determine the relationships between family charactersistics, patient's conditions and services utilization. The effectiveness of each of the service entities was assessed through families evaluation and hoped for service and comparisons were made between services in terms of the cost-effectiveness ratios. After initial comparison of cost-effectiveness ratios, further analysis was done to compare between groups for incremental effectiveness for each incremental unit of cost to determine the most cost-effective service entities. The findings of the study are as fellows : 1. The choice of living arrangement and the types of services are a function of the stage of Alzheimer's condition and the economic status of the family. 2. Comparision of the cost of care showed that most expenses were encountered in by families with hospitalization, families using outpatient services, and families using day care services in that order. The least expense was involved in the care of homebound patients. The economic burden felt by families was in the same order as expenses. 3. The average number of hours spent on daily patient care was 9.9 hours for the outpatient clinic users, 9.7 hours for homebound patients, and 5.4 hours for day care users. 4. There were significant differences in the patient's conditions (CDRL), bizarre behaviors and the families's burden by living arrangement and /or types of service. However, no significant difference was found between groups in the family's quality of life. 5. The families rated the services of day care center as most effective for the care of the patients and families, except for a few families who had experienced some improvement in the patient's conditions. The outpatient clinic users expressed psychological comforts mainly in that the patient was being taken care of. For those hospitalized patients, families expressed the comfort of being relieved of the burden of care and that the patient is being professionally cared for. Form the analysis of the costs, hours of patient care, patient's bizarre behaviors, family's quality of life and burdens, and family's evaluation of services, it is concluded that up to the mid stage of Alzheimer's condition, the utilization of day care center services is found to be the most cost-effective, and toward the end stage of the Alzheimer's disease, it is hoped that there will be a establishment of long term or short term in-patient facilities for the protection of patients and preservation of the integrity of families for less cost. Thus. it was concluded that the family centered system of care is the most effective for Korea with systematic support systems developed for the care of patients and their families according to the needs of families as the patient's condition deteriorates.

• 자원ㆍ환경경제연구
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.673-697
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• 2005

본 연구에서는 황사로 인한 개인의 후생 감소분인 피해비용을 추정하기 위하여 황사 방지 중 장기 종합대책에 대한 지불의사금액을 조건부가치측정법(CVM)을 이용하여 측정하였다. 황사로 인한 피해비용을 구성하고 있는 유형별 피해비용 추정은 총피해비용의 배분을 요구하는 질문에서 얻어진 정보를 이용하였다. 연간 (평균적으로 14일 발생하는) 황사피해 비용은 개인의 경우는 2만 9,510원(95% 신뢰구간 2만 4,565원~3만 5,452원)이고, 전국민의 연간 총피해비용은 4,441억 원(95% 신뢰구간 4,073억 원~4,810억 원)이다. 여기서 쾌적성 감소와 관련된 비용은 총피해비용의 33.8%에 해당하는 1,501억 원(95% 신뢰구간 1,377억 원~1,626억 원), 질환 증가 비용은 총피해비용의 36.6%로서 1,625억 원(95% 신뢰구간 1,491억 원~1,760억 원), 회피 비용 증가는 총피해비용의 14.5%에 이르러 644억 원(95% 신뢰구간 591억 원~697억 원), 기타 피해 비용은 총피해비용의 15.1%로서 671억 원(95% 신뢰구간 615억 원~726억 원)에 이른다.

• 대한전자공학회논문지TC
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.47-55
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• 2004

본 논문에서는 이동 통신망에서의 향상된 시간 기반의 위치 갱신 방법을 제안하고 제안된 방법의 성능을 분석하였다. 분석에서는 포아송 분포의 호 도착시간을 가정하였고, 지수분포의 셀 체류시간을 가정하였으며 분석결과로서는 제안된 방법에서의 최적의 갱신주기를 구하였다. 부가적으로 갱신주기의 값의 변화에 따른 비용의 특성을 관찰하고자 갱신주기의 값이 0 또는 무한대로 근접할 경우에 대하여 위치관리 비용을 분석하였다. 제안된 위치갱신방법과 기존에 제안된 오리지날 시간 기반의 위치갱신방법과의 비교를 위하여 오리지날 시간 기반의 위치갱신 방법에 대한 분석도 수행하였다. 두 방법에 대한 비교에서 제안된 방법이 주어진 환경에서 성능이 향상됨을 알 수 있었다.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.105-118
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• 2018

Generic medicine (GM), which is an alternative drug product for branded medicine (BM), is used less in Japan than in other OECD countries. Therefore, we investigate why the medical consumers of Japan avoid the use of GMs even though the efficacy and safety of the medicines have already been proven. We theorize that effectiveness or risk of GMs are related to the consumer attitude toward GMs is affected by the behavioral approach/activation system (BAS) which promotes actions to reach the desired state, and the behavioral inhibition system (BIS) which suppresses behaviors to avoid negative outcomes. To see which of the BAS and BIS dimensions are related to GM usage, we surveyed 374 Japanese consumers and found that Quality, Efficacy, Safety, & Cost-effectiveness with the BAS, and Functional Risk, Financial Risk, Social Risk, Physical Risk, Psychological Risk, & Time Risk with the BIS had a significant effect on consumer attitude to GMs. These results are important in that they 1), confirm the role of BAS/BIS in attitudes to GMs, 2), provide guidelines when marketing GMs, 3), help governments promote the use of GMs as a cost-saving measure, and 4), guide future surveys regarding consumer attitudes to GMs.